Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

“The ‘Domestication’ of Heredity: The Familial Organization of Geneticists at Cambridge University, 1895–1910”

  • Published:
Journal of the History of Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the early years of Mendelism, 1900–1910, William Bateson established a productive research group consisting of women and men studying biology at Cambridge. The empirical evidence they provided through investigating the patterns of hereditary in many different species helped confirm the validity of the Mendelian laws of heredity. What has not previously been well recognized is that owing to the lack of sufficient institutional support, the group primarily relied on domestic resources to carry out their work. Members of the group formed a kind of extended family unit, centered on the Batesons’ home in Grantchester and the grounds of Newnham College. This case illustrates the continuing role that domestic environments played in supporting scientific research in the early 20th century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Archival Collection

  • Cambridge University Archives, Manuscripts Room, Cambridge University Library (CUA).

  • William Bateson Collection, John Innes Centre Archive, Norwich, England (JICA).

  • William Bateson Collection (Family Papers), American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia (APS).

  • William Bateson Correspondence, Add. 8634. Manuscripts Room, Cambridge University Library (CUL).

Published Sources

  • Abir-Am Pnina, Outram Dorinda.(1987). “Introduction.” Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram (eds.), Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

  • Alberti Samuel J.M.M. (2001). “Amateurs and Professionals in One County: Biology and Natural History in Late Victorian Yorkshire”. Journal of the History of Biology 34: 115–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ankeny Rachel A. (2000). “Marvelling at the Marvel: The Supposed Conversion of A.D. Darbishire to Mendelism”. Journal of the History of Biology 33: 315–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arber Agnes. (1939). “Miss Dorothea F.M. Pertz”. Nature 143: 590–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow Nora Darwin. (1913). “Preliminary Note on Heterostylism in Oxalis and Lythrum”. Journal of Genetics 3: 55

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson Beatrice. (1928). William Bateson, F.R.S., Naturalist: His Essays and Addresses, Together with a Short Account of His Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson Patrick. (2002). “William Bateson: A Biologist Ahead of his Time”. Journal of Genetics 81: 49–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson William. (1894; 1992). Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. RPT. Foreword by Peter J. Bowler. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson William. (1899). “Hybridisation and Cross-Breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation”. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 24: 59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, William 1902a. “Lepidoptera.” William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders (eds.), In Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society, Vol. 1, London: Harrison.

  • Bateson William (1902b). Mendel’s Principles of Heredity, a Defense. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson William and Bateson Anna. (1891). “On the Variations in Floral Symmetry of Certain Plants Having Irregular Corollas”. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 28: 386–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson William and Pertz D.F.M. (1898–1900). “Notes on the Inheritance of Variation in the Corolla of Veronica Buxbaumii”. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 10: 78–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, William and Killby, Hilda Blanche. 1905. “Peas (Pisum sativum).” W. Bateson, E. R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 2 London: Royal Society, pp. 55–80

  • (1902). Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society. Vol. 1–5. Harrison, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson William (1906). “Further Experiments on Inheritance in Sweet Peas and Stocks. Preliminary Account”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 77: 236–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler Peter J.(1992). “Foreword.” RPT. (ed.), Bateson, William, Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD, pp. xvii–xxvii

  • Box Joan Fisher (1978). R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne Janet. (1995). Voyaging. Vol. 1 of Charles Darwin. Alfred A. Knopf, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne Janet (2002). The Power of Place. Vol. 2 of Charles Darwin. Jonathan Cape, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne Janet (2004). “Dorothea Frances Mathilda Pertz.” New Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll Victoria (2004). “The Natural History of Visiting: Responses to Charles Waterton and Walton Hall”. Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 34: 31–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadarevian Soraya (1996). “Laboratory Science versus Country-House Experiment: The Controversy Between Julius Sachs and Charles Darwin”. British Journal for the History of Science 29: 17–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough, B.A. 1928. “Anna Bateson.” Newnham College Roll Letter pp. 78–81.

  • Cock Alan. (1973). “William Bateson, Mendelism and Biometry”. Journal of the History of Biology 6: 1–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cock Alan (1979). “Anna Bateson of Bashley: Britain’s First Professional Woman Gardener”. Hampshire May: 59–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, William. 1970. “William Bateson.” Charles Coulston Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Charles Scribner’s Sons.

  • Creese Mary R.S. (1998). Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research. Scarecrow, Lanham, MD and London

    Google Scholar 

  • (1992). The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmond Adrian and Moore James. (1991). Darwin. Michael Joseph, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmond Adrian and Moore James (2001). “Redefining the X Axis: ‘Professionals,’ ‘Amateurs’ and the Making of Mid-Victorian Biology – a Progress Report”. Journal of the History of Biology 34: 3–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • [Durham, Beatrice]. September 1895. “At a Conversazione.” The English Illustrated Magazine. London.

  • Durham, Florence M. 1908. “A Preliminary Account of the Inheritance of Coat-Colour in Mice.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee, Report 4. London: Royal Society of London, pp. 41–53.

  • Durham Florence M. (1910). “Further Experiments on the Inheritance of Coat Colour in Mice”. Journal of Genetics 1: 159–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, Florence M.and Marryat, Dorothea. 1908. “Note on the Inheritance of Sex in Canaries.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders and R. C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee, Report 5. London: Royal Society, pp. 57–60.

  • Durham Florence M and Pellew Caroline. (1915). “The Genetic Behaviour of the Hybrid Primula Kewensis and its Allies”. Journal of Genetics 5: 159–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham Florence M, Woods H.M.(1932). “Alcohol and Inheritance: An Experimental Study.” Special Report Series, Medical Research Council 168.

  • Falk Raphael. (1995). “The Struggle of Genetics for Independence”. Journal of the History of Biology 28: 219–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanders Judith. (2003). Inside the Victorian Home: A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England. W.W. Norton, New York and London

    Google Scholar 

  • Froggatt P. and Nevin N.C. (1971). “The ‘Law of Ancestral Heredity’ and the Mendelian and Ancestrian Controversy in England, 1889–1906,”. Journal of Medical Genetics 8: 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates Barbara T. (1998). Kindred Nature: Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Geison Gerald. (1978). Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Girton College Register, 1869–1946. 1948. Cambridge: Girton College.

  • Gooday Graeme. (1991). “‘Nature’ in the Laboratory: Domestication and Discipline with the Microscope in Victorian Life Science”. British Journal for the History of Science 24: 307–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Haldane J.B.S., Sprunt A.D. and Haldane Naomi M. (1915). “Reduplication in Mice (Preliminary Communication)”. Journal of Genetics 5: 133–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall Brian K.(2004). “Francis Maitland Balfour,” in The Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century British Scientists. Bernard Lightman (ed.) Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, Vol. 1, pp. 97–100.

  • Harvey, Joy. 2002. “Circling Around Darwin: Darwin’s Science as a Family Enterprise,” History of Science Society meeting, Milwaukee.

  • Harwood Jonathan. (1993). Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900–1933. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauke, Richard. 1996. “Vignettes from the History of Plant Morphology,” Available at http://members.aol.com/cefield/hauke/arber.html.

  • Hutchinson G. Evelyn. (1979). The Kindly Fruits of the Earth: Recollections of an Embryo Biologist. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT

    Google Scholar 

  • Killby Hilda, Bateson William.(1905). “Peas (Pisum sativum).” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 2. London: Royal Society, pp. 55–80.

  • Killby, Hilda and Saunders, Edith. R. 1908. “Stocks.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 4. London: Royal Society, pp. 35–40.

  • Kimmelman, Barbara. 1987. “A Progressive Era Discipline: Genetics at American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1900–1920.” Ph.D. Dissertation University of Pennsylvania.

  • Kingsland Sharon E. (1991). “The Battling Botanist: Daniel Trembly MacDougal, Mutation Theory and the Rise of Experimental Evolutionary Biology in America, 1900–1912”. Isis 82: 479–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler Robert E.(1982). From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline. Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge

  • Kohler Robert E. (1991). “The Ph.D. Machine: Building on the Collegiate Base”. Isis 81: 638–662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler Robert E. (1994). Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohler Robert E. (2002). Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuklick, Henrika A. and Kohler, Robert E. (eds.). 1996. “Science in the Field.” Osiris 2d ser. 11.

  • Lewis, D. 1969. “The Genetical Society – The First Fifty Years,” John Jinks (ed.), Fifty Years of Genetics. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 160th Meeting of the Genetical Society on the 50th Anniversary of its Founding. Edinburgh: Olives and Boyd.

  • Lipset David. (1980). Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist. Prentice-Hall, Englewood, Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Lock Robert Heath. (1906). Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution. John Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnello M. Eileen. (1998). “Karl Pearson’s Mathematization of Inheritance: From Ancestral Heredity to Mendelian Genetics (1895–1909)”. Annals of Science 55: 35–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magnello, M. Eileen. 1999. “The Non-Correlation of Biometrics and Eugenics: Rival Forms of Laboratory Work in Karl Pearson’s Career at University College London, Parts 1 and 2.” History of Science 37: 79–106, 123–50.

  • Marie Jennifer. (2004a). “The Situation in Genetics II: Dunn’s 1927 European Tour”. Mendel Newsletter n.s. 13: 2–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Marie Jennifer. (2004b). The Importance of Place: A History of Genetics in 1930s Britain. University College London, PhD Thesis

    Google Scholar 

  • Marryat, Dorothea. 1908. “Hybridisation Experiments with Mirabilis jalapa.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 5. London: Royal Society, pp. 32–50.

  • Marston, C. 1928. “Anna Bateson.” Newnham College Roll Letter pp. 81–83.

  • McWilliams-Tullberg Rita. (1975). Women at Cambridge. A Men’s University–Though of a Mixed Type. Victor Gollanz, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, Naomi Haldane. 1967. “Beginnings.” K.R. Dronamraju (ed.), Haldane and Modern Biology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 299–305.

  • Olby Robert. (1985). Origins of Mendelism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Olby Robert. (1987). “William Bateson’s Introduction of Mendelism to England: A Reassessment”. British Journal for the History of Science 20: 399–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Olby Robert. (1989a). “The Dimensions of Scientific Controversy: The Biometric-Mendelian Debate”. British Journal for the History of Science 22: 299–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Olby Robert. (1989b). “Scientists and Bureaucrats in the Establishment of the John Innes Horticultural Institution under William Bateson”. Annals of Science 46: 497–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olby Robert.(1997). “Mendel, Mendelism, and Genetics.” MendelWeb. http://www.mendelweb.org.

  • Olesko, Kathryn M. (ed.). 1989. “Science in Germany: The Intersection of Institutional and Intellectual Issues.” Osiris 2d ser. 5.

  • Opitz, Donald L. 2004a. “‘Behind folding shutters in Whittingehame House’: Alice Blanche Balfour (1850–1936) and Amateur Natural History.” Archives of Natural History 31 (2).

  • Opitz, Donald L. 2004b. “Aristocrats and Professionals: Country-House Science in Late-Victorian Britain,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.

  • Opitz, Donald L. 2006. “‘This House is a Temple of Research’: Country House Centres for Science.” David Clifford, Elisabeth Wadge, Alex Warwick, and Martin Willis (eds.), Sidelined Sciences? Shifting Centres in Nineteenth-Century Scientific Thinking. London: Anthem Press.

  • Oppenheimer Jane. (1983). “T.H. Morgan as an Embryologist: The View from Bryn Mawr”. American Zoologist 23: 845–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Outram, Dorinda. 1996. “New Spaces in Natural History.” N. Jardine, J. A. Secord, and E.C. Spary (eds.), Cultures of Natural History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–265.

  • Paul, Diane and Kimmelman, Barbara. 1988. “Mendel in America: Theory and Practice, 1900–1919.” R. Rainger, K. Benson, and J. Maienschein (eds.), The American Development of Biology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 281–310.

  • Pauly Philip J. (1996). “How Did the Effects of Alcohol on Reproduction Become Scientifically Uninteresting?”. Journal of the History of Biology 29: 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrone Fernanda. (1993). “Women Academics in England, 1870–1930”. History of Universities 12: 339–367

    Google Scholar 

  • (1988). A Newnham Anthology. Newnham College, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Provine William B. (1971). The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Punnett Reginald Crundall. (1926). “William Bateson”. Edinburgh Review 244: 71–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Punnett Reginald Crundall. (1950). “Early Days of Genetics”. Heredity 4: 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • (1996). Creative Couples in the Sciences. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • (1997). A Devotion to Their Science: Pioneer Women of Radioactivity. Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond Marsha. (1997). “‘A Lab of One’s Own’: The Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women at Cambridge University, 1884–1914”. Isis 88: 422–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond Marsha. (2001). “Women in the Early History of Genetics: William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900–1910”. Isis 92: 55–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, Marsha.Forthcoming. “Murial Wheldale Onslow and Biochemical Genetics,” Journal of the History of Biology.

  • Richmond, Marsha. In preparation. “The Darwin 1909 Celebration at Cambridge: Re-Evaluating Evolution in the Light of Mendel, Mutation, and Meiosis.”

  • Ridley, Mark. 1985. “Embryology and Classical Zoology in Great Britain.” J.A. Witkowski, T.J. Horder and C.C. Wylie (eds.), A History of Embryology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–67.

  • Rossiter Margaret W. (1982). Women Scientists in America. Vol. 1: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter Margaret W.(1997). “Which Science? Which Women?” Sally Gregory Kohlstedt and Helen E. Longino (eds.), Women, Gender, and Science: New Directions. Osiris 12: 169–185

  • Saha Margaret Somosi. (1984). Carl Correns and an Alternative Approach to Genetics: The Study of Heredity in Germany between 1880 and 1930. Michigan State University, Ph.D. dissertation

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1897). “On a Discontinuous Variation Occurring in Biscutella Laevigata”. Proceedings of the Royal Society 62: 11–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Edith Rebecca. 1902. “Experimental Studies in the Physiology of Heredity. Experiments with Plants.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.). Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 1. London: Royal Society, pp. 13–87.

  • Saunders, Edith Rebecca. 1905. “Datura, Matthiola, Salvia, and Ranunculus,” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 2. London: Royal Society, pp. 1–55.

  • Saunders, Edith Rebecca. 1906. “Stocks.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.). Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 3. London: Royal Society, pp. 38–53.

  • Saunders, Edith Rebecca. 1907. “Certain Complications Arising in the Cross-Breeding of Stocks.” Royal Horticultural Society. Report of the Third International Conference 1906 on Genetics London: Spottiswoode.

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1910). “Studies in the Inheritance of Doubleness in Flowers. I. Petunia”. Journal of Genetics 1: 57–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1910). “Further Experiments on the Inheritance of ‘Doubleness’ and Other Characters in Stocks”. Journal of Genetics 1: 303–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1911). “On Inheritance of a Mutation in the Common Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)”. New Phytologist 10: 54–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1913). “The Breeding of Double Flowers.” IVe Conférence Internationale de Génétique. Masson, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1912). “Further Contribution to the Study of the Inheritance of Hoariness in Stocks (Matthiola)”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 85: 540–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1913). “On the Mode of Inheritance of Certain Characters in Double-Throwing Stocks. A Reply”. Zeitschrift für die induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 10: 297–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1915). “A Suggested Explanation of the Abnormally High Record of Doubles Quoted by Growers of Stocks (Matthiola)”. Journal of Genetics 5: 137–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1915). “On the Relation of Half-Hoariness in Matthiola to Glabrousness and Full Hoariness”. Journal of Genetics 5: 145–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1917). “Studies in the Inheritance of Doubleness in Flowers. II. Meconopsis, Althaea and Dianthus”. Journal of Genetics 6: 154–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1917). “On the Occurrence, Behaviour and Origin of a Smooth-Stemmed Form of the Common Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)”. Journal of Genetics 7: 216–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1921). “Note on the Evolution of the Double Stock (Matthiola incana)”. Journal of Genetics 11: 69–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1924). “Further Studies on Inheritance in Matthiola incana. I. Sap Colour and Surface Character”. Journal of Genetics 14: 101–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1937). Floral Morphology: A New Outlook with Special Reference to the Interpretation of the Gynaeceum, 2 Vols. Heffer, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders Edith Rebecca. (1938). “Dorothea Frances Matilda Pertz”. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 151: 245–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, Edith Rebecca. and Killby, Hilda Blanche. 1908. “Stocks.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 4. London: Royal Society, pp. 35–40.

  • Schaffer, Simon. 1998. “Physics Laboratories and the Victorian Country House,” Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar (eds.), Making Space for Science. London: Macmillan, pp. 149–180.

  • Schmid Rudolf (2001). “Agnes Arber, Née Robertson (1879–1960): Fragments of Her Life, Including Her Place in Biology and in Women’s Studies”. Annals of Botany n.s. 88: 1105–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte Fischedick Kaat. (2000). “From Survey to Ecology: The Role of the British Vegetation Committee, 1904–1913,”. Journal of the History of Biology 33: 291–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secord Anne. (1994). “Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire”. History of Science 32: 269–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Shteir, Ann B. 1989. “Botany in the Breakfast Room: Women and Early Nineteenth-Century British Plant Study.” Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram (eds.), Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1780–1979. NJ: New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, pp. 19–30.

  • Sidgwick Eleanor. (1897). University Education of Women. Macmillan and Bowes, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sollas, Igerna. 1909. “Inheritance of Colour and of Supernumerary Mammae in Guinea-Pigs, with a Note on the Occurrence of a Dwarf Form.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee. Report 5. London: Royal Society of London, pp. 51–79.

  • Sollas Igerna. (1913). “Note on the Offspring of a Dwarf Bearing Strain of Guinea Pigs”. Journal of Genetics 3: 201–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamhuis, Ida H. and Offereins, Marianne I.C. 1997: “Twee vrouwelijke natuurkundigen en hun promotor in het interbellum: Lili Bleeker, Truus Eymers en Leonard Ornstein” [Two female physicists and their supervisor in the interbellum period: Lili Bleeker, Truus Eymers and Leonard Ornstein], Gewina 20, nr. 4: 88–100.

  • Stamhuis, Ida H. Richmond, Marsha L. and Aronova, Elena. In preparation. Women in the Early History of Genetics. Studies in the History of Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 13.

  • Stott Rebecca. (2003). Darwin and the Barnacle. Faber, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Štrbáňová, Soňa, Stamhuis, Ida, and Mojsejová, Kateřna (eds.). 2004. Women Scholars and Institutions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Prague, June 8–11, 2003. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

  • Tabery James G. (2004). “The ‘Evolutionary Synthesis’ of George Udny Yule,”. Journal of the History of Biology 37: 73–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherall Mark and Kamminga Harmke. (1992). Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge, 1898–1949. Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheldale Muriel. (1907). “The Inheritance of Flower Colour in Antirrhinum majus”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 79: 288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheldale Muriel. (1909a). “On the Nature of Anthocyanin”. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 15: 137–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheldale Muriel. (1909b). “The Colours and Pigments of Flowers, with Special Reference to Genetics”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 81: 44–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheldale, Muriel. 1909c. “Further Observations upon the Inheritance of Flower-Colour in Antirrhinum majus.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee, Report 5. London: Royal Society of London, pp. 1–26.

  • Wheldale, Muriel. 1909d. “Note on the Physiological Interpretation of the Mendelian Factors for Colour in Plants.” W. Bateson, E.R. Saunders, and R.C. Punnett (eds.), Reports to the Evolution Committee, Report 5. London: Royal Society of London, pp. 26–50.

  • Wheldale Muriel (1910). “On the Formation of Anthocyanin”. Journal of Genetics 1: 133–158

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Interdisciplinary Studies College of Urban, Labor and Metropolitan Affairs, Wayne State University, 5700 Cass Avenue, Room 2307, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA

    Marsha L. Richmond

Authors
  1. Marsha L. Richmond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marsha L. Richmond.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Richmond, M.L. “The ‘Domestication’ of Heredity: The Familial Organization of Geneticists at Cambridge University, 1895–1910”. J Hist Biol 39, 565–605 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-004-5431-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-004-5431-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation