Abstract
We study the weighted circuit constraint in the context of constraint programming. It appears as a substructure in many practical applications, particularly routing problems. We propose a domain filtering algorithm for the weighted circuit constraint that is based on the 1-tree relaxation of Held and Karp. In addition, we study domain filtering based on an additive bounding procedure that combines the 1-tree relaxation with the assignment problem relaxation. Experimental results on Traveling Salesman Problem instances demonstrate that our filtering algorithms can dramatically reduce the problem size. In particular, the search tree size and solving time can be reduced by several orders of magnitude, compared to existing constraint programming approaches. Moreover, for medium-size problem instances, our method is competitive with the state-of-the-art special-purpose TSP solver Concorde.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Althaus, E., Bockmayr, A., Elf, M., Jünger, M., Kasper, T., & Mehlhorn, K. (2002). SCIL—Symbolic constraints in integer linear programming. In Proceedings of the 10th annual European symposium on algorithms (ESA). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 2461, pp. 75–87). Berlin: Springer.
Applegate, D. L., Bixby, R. E., Chvátal, V., & Cook, W. J. (2006). The traveling salesman problem: A computational study. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Azevedo, F. (2007). Cardinal: A finite sets constraint solver. Constraints, 12, 93–129.
Beldiceanu, N., & Contejean, E. (1994). Introducing global constraints in CHIP. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 20(12), 97–123.
Beldiceanu, N., Flener, P., & Lorca, X. (2005). The tree constraint. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on integration of AI and OR techniques in constraint programming for combinatorial optimization problems (CPAIOR). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 3524, pp. 64–78). Berlin: Springer.
Bessiere, C. (2006). Constraint propagation. In F. Rossi, P. van Beek, & T. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of constraint programming (Chapter 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Carpaneto, G., Dell’Amico, M., & Toth, P. (1995). Exact solution of large-scale, asymmetric traveling salesman problems. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 21(4), 394–409.
Carpaneto, G., Martello, S., & Toth, P. (1988). Algorithms and codes for the assignment problem. Annals of Operations Research, 13(1), 191–223.
Caseau, Y., & Laburthe, F. (1997). Solving small TSPs with constraints. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on logic programming (ICLP) (pp. 316–330). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chazelle, B. (2000). A minimum spanning tree algorithm with inverse-Ackermann type complexity. Journal of the ACM, 47(6), 1028–1047.
Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., & Rivest, R. L. (1990). Introduction to algorithms. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dixon, B., Rauch, M., & Tarjan, R. (1992). Verification and sensitivity analysis of minimum spanning trees in linear time. SIAM Journal on Computing, 21(6), 1184–1192.
Dooms, G., & Katriel, I. (2006). The minimum spanning tree constraint. In Proceedings of CP. LNCS (Vol. 4204, pp. 152–166). Berlin: Springer.
Dooms, G., & Katriel, I. (2007). The “not-too-heavy spanning tree” constraint. In Proceedings of the fourth international conference on integration of AI and OR techniques in constraint programming for combinatorial optimization problems (CPAIOR). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4510, pp. 59–70). Berlin: Springer.
Fages, J.-G., & Lorca, X. (2011). Revisiting the tree constraint. In Proceedings of the 17th international conference on the principles and practice of constraint programming (CP). LNCS (Vol. 6876, pp. 271–285). Berlin: Springer.
Fischetti, M., & Toth, P. (1989). An additive bounding procedure for combinatorial optimization problems. Operations Research, 37(2), 319–328.
Fischetti, M., & Toth, P. (1992). An additive bounding procedure for the asymmetric travelling salesman problem. Mathematical Programming, 53(1), 173–197.
Focacci, F. (2001). Solving combinatorial optimization problems in constraint programming. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ferrara.
Focacci, F., Lodi, A., & Milano, M. (1999). Cost-based domain filtering. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on principles and practice of constraint programming (CP). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 1713, pp. 189–203).
Focacci, F., Lodi, A., & Milano, M. (2002). Embedding relaxations in global constraints for solving TSP and TSPTW. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 34(4), 291–311.
Focacci, F., Lodi, A., & Milano, M. (2002). A hybrid exact algorithm for the TSPTW. INFORMS Journal on Computing, 14(4), 403–417.
Focacci, F., Lodi, A., Milano, M., & Vigo, D. (1999). Solving TSP through the integration of OR and CP techniques. Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, 1, 13–25.
Genç Kaya, L., & Hooker, J. N. (2006). A filter for the circuit constraint. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on principles and practice of constraint programming (CP). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4204, pp. 706–710). Berlin: Springer.
Gervet, C. (1993). New structures of symbolic constraint objects: Sets and graphs. In Third workshop on constraint logic programming (WCLP’2003).
Gervet, C. (2006). Constraints over structured domains. In F. Rossi, P. van Beek, & T. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of constraint programming (Chapter 17). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Grötschel, M., & Holland, O. (1991). Solution of large-scale symmetric travelling salesman problems. Mathematical Programming, 51, 141–202.
Gutin, G., & Punnen, A. P. (Eds.) (2007). The traveling salesman problem and its variations. Berlin: Springer.
Held, M., & Karp, R. M. (1970). The traveling-salesman problem and minimum spanning trees. Operations Research, 18, 1138–1162.
Held, M., & Karp, R. M. (1971). The traveling-salesman problem and minimum spanning trees: Part II. Mathematical Programming, 1, 6–25.
Helsgaun, K. (2000). An effective implementation of the Lin-Kernighan traveling salesman heuristic. European Journal of Operational Research, 126(1), 106–130.
Helsgaun, K. (2009). General k-opt submoves for the Lin-Kernighan TSP heuristic. Mathematical Programming Computation, 1(2), 119–163.
IBM Corp. (2010). IBM ILOG CP V1.6 User Manual.
IBM Corp. (2010). IBM ILOG OPL V12.2 User Manual.
Jonker, R., & Volgenant, T. (1983). Transforming asymmetric into symmetric traveling salesman problems. Operations Research Letters, 2(4), 161–163.
Karp, R. M. (1972). Reducibility among combinatorial problems. In R. E. Miller, & J. W. Thatcher (Eds.), Complexity of computer animations (pp. 85–103). London: Plenum Press.
Kilby, P., & Shaw, P. (2006). Vehicle routing. In F. Rossi, P. van Beek, & T. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of constraint programming (Chapter 23). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Kuhn, H. W. (1955). The Hungarian Method for the assignment problem. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 2, 83–97.
Lauriere, J.-L. (1978). A language and a program for stating and solving combinatorial problems. Artificial Intelligence, 10(1), 29–127.
Lodi, A., Milano, M., & Rousseau, L.-M. (2006). Discrepancy-based additive bounding procedures. INFORMS Journal on Computing, 18(4), 480–493.
Milano, M., & van Hoeve, W. J. (2002). Reduced cost-based ranking for generating promising subproblems. In Proceedings of the eighth international conference on principles and practice of constraint programming (CP). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 2470, pp. 1–16). Berlin: Springer.
Pesant, G., Gendreau, M., Potvin, J. Y., & Rousseau, J. M. (1998). An exact constraint logic programming algorithm for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. Transportation Science, 32(1), 12–29.
Prim, R. C. (1957). Shortest connection networks and some generalizations. Bell System Techical Journal, 36, 1389–1401.
Puget, J. F. (1992). PECOS: A high level constraint programming language. In Proceedings of the Singapore international conference on intelligent systems (SPICIS).
Régin, J.-C. (1994). A filtering algorithm for constraints of difference in CSPs. In Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI) (Vol. 1, pp. 362–367). Menlo Park: AAAI Press.
Régin, J.-C. (2008). Simpler and incremental consistency checking and arc consistency filtering algorithms for the weighted spanning tree constraint. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on integration of AI and OR techniques in constraint programming for combinatorial optimization problems (CPAIOR). Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 5015, pp. 233–247). Berlin: Springer.
Régin, J.-C. (2011). Global constraints: A survey. In P. Van Hentenryck, & M. Milano (Eds.), Hybrid optimization (pp. 63–134). Berlin: Springer.
Régin, J.-C., Rousseau, L.-M., Rueher, M., & van Hoeve, W.-J. (2010). The weighted spanning tree constraint revisited. In Proceedings of the seventh international conference on integration of AI and OR techniques in constraint programming for combinatorial optimization problems (CPAIOR). LNCS (Vol. 6140, pp. 176–180. Berlin: Springer.
Sellmann, M. (2004). Theoretical foundations of CP-based Lagrangian relaxation. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on the principles and practice of constraint programming (CP). LNCS (Vol. 3258, pp. 634–647). Berlin: Springer.
Tarjan, R. (1982). Sensitivity analysis of minimum spanning trees and shortest path trees. Information Processing Letters, 14(1), 30–33.
Tarjan, R. E. (1979). Applications of path compression on balanced trees. Journal of the ACM, 26(4), 690–715.
van Hoeve, W.-J., & Katriel, I. (2006). Global constraints. In F. Rossi, P. van Beek, & T. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of constraint programming (Chapter 6). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The work of P. Benchimol was performed while being at CIRRELT, École Polytechnique de Montréal.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Benchimol, P., Hoeve, WJ.v., Régin, JC. et al. Improved filtering for weighted circuit constraints. Constraints 17, 205–233 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-012-9119-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-012-9119-x