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The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion

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Abstract

Released as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has spread from Asia to four additional continents. Since 1988 H. axyridis has established in at least 38 countries in its introduced range: three countries in North America, six in South America, 26 in Europe and three in Africa. In different continents the species has spread at rates estimated between 100 and 500 km year−1. Here, the global spread of H. axyridis is thoroughly reviewed. Mechanisms of short- and long-distance dispersal in coccinellids are discussed, as are the reasons for them, with particular emphasis on H. axyridis. Dispersal via anthropogenic means has been particularly important in the case of H. axyridis. Preliminary studies investigating the invasion routes of H. axyridis using genetic analyses (involving both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA) are outlined.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Nick McWilliam (Anglia Ruskin University) for GIS work for Fig. 1. For help and advice we thank John Day, Irina Goyacheva, Satoshi Koyama, Yoshiaki Obara, Helen Roy, Toshiyuki Satoh, Ilya Zakharov and the University of Hull Evolutionary Biology Group. We thank colleagues from around the world for providing some of the H. axyridis samples used in genetic analyses: N. Berkvens, C. Borges, R. Koch, J. Li, J. Lundgren, A. Migeon, R. Poland, R. Stals, A. Staverlokk and W. Su. We are grateful to members of the UK public for providing records and samples of H. axyridis via the Harlequin Ladybird Survey and UK Ladybird Survey. C.E. Thomas was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. E. Lombaert and A. Estoup were supported by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-06-BDIV-008-01) and from the Agropolis Fondation (RTRA—Montpellier, BIOFIS project).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Animal & Environmental Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK

    Peter M. J. Brown

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK

    Cathleen E. Thomas, Daniel L. Jeffries & Lori-Jayne Lawson Handley

  3. Equipe ‘Biologie des Populations en Interaction’, INRA UMR 1301 IBSV (INRA/CNRS/Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis), Sophia-Antipolis, France

    Eric Lombaert

  4. INRA UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France

    Arnaud Estoup

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  1. Peter M. J. Brown
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Correspondence to Peter M. J. Brown.

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Handling Editor: Patrick De Clercq

This research was conducted as part of a collaboration of scientists working on Harmonia axyridis.

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Brown, P.M.J., Thomas, C.E., Lombaert, E. et al. The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion. BioControl 56, 623–641 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9379-1

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