Abstract
Mineralization of groundwater in volcanic aquifers is partly acquired through silicates weathering. This alteration depends on the dissolution of atmospheric, biogenic, or mantellic gaseous CO2 whose contributions may depend on substratum geology, surface features, and lava flow hydrological functionings. Investigations of \( {\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} {\text{eq}}}} \) and δ13CTDIC (total dissolved inorganic carbon) on various spatiotemporal scales in the unsaturated and saturated zones of volcanic flows of the Argnat basin (French Massif Central) have been carried out to identify the carbon sources in the system. Mantellic sources are related to faults promoting CO2 uplift from the mantle to the saturated zone. The contribution of this source is counterbalanced by infiltration of water through the unsaturated zone, accompanied by dissolution of soil CO2 or even atmospheric CO2 during cold periods. Monitoring and modeling of δ13CTDIC in the unsaturated zone shows that both \( {\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} {\text{eq}}}} \) and δ13CTDIC are controlled by air temperature which influences soil respiration and soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges. The internal geometry of volcanic lava flows controls water patterns from the unsaturated zone to saturated zone and thus may explain δ13C heterogeneity in the saturated zone at the basin scale.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abril G, Etxheber H, Borges AV, Frankignoulle M (2000) Excess atmospheric carbon dioxide transported by rivers into the Scheldt estuary. C R Acad Sci Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planètes/Earth Planet Sci 330:761–768
Alley WM (1993) Regional ground-water quality. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p 634
Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst JL (1993) Modelling of atmospheric CO2 consumption by chemical weathering of rocks: application to the Garonne, Congo and Amazon basins. Chem Geol 107:205–210
Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst JL (1995) A global model for present day atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption by chemical erosion of continental rocks (GEM-CO2). Tellus 47B:273–280
Amiotte-Suchet P, Aubert D, Probst JL, Gauthier-Lafaye F, Probst A, Andreux F, Viville D (1999) δ13C pattern of dissolved inorganic carbon in a small granitic catchment : the Strengbach case study Vosges mountains, France. Chem Geol 159:129–145
Amiotte-Suchet P, Probst JL, Ludwig W (2003) Worldwide distribution of continental rock lithology: implications for atmospheric/soil CO2 uptake by continental weathering and alkalinity river transport to the oceans. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17 doi:10.1029/2002GB001891 (electronic version)
Amundson R, Stern L, Baisden T, Wang Y (1998) The isotopic composition of soil and soil-respired CO2. Geoderma 82:83–114
Appelo CAJ, Postma D (1994) Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. Balkema AA (ed), Rotterdam, p 536
Aubignat A (1973) Le gisement hydrominéral de Volvic en Auvergne [The hydromineral source of Volvic in Auvergne]. Rev Sci Nat Auvergne 39:40–68
Barbaud JY (1983) Etude chimique et isotopique des aquifères du Nord de la Chaîne des Puys. Temps de transit et vulnérabilité des systèmes de Volvic et d’Argnat. PhD thesis, Université d’Avignon, p 209
Batard F, Baudron JC, Bosh B, Marce A, Risler JJ (1982) Isotopic identification of gases of a deep origin in French thermomineral waters. J Hydrol 56:1–21
Batiot C (2002) Etude expérimentale du cycle du carbone en regions karstiques. Apport du carbone organique et du carbone minéral à la connaissance hydrogéologique des systèmes. Site expérimental de Vaucluse, Jura, Larzac, région nord-montpelliéraine, Nerja (Espagne) [Experimental study of the carbon cycle in karstic areas. Contribution of organic and mineral carbons for the hydrogeological understanding of the systems. Experimental sites of Vaucluse, Jura, Larzac, Montpellier’s north area, Nerja (Spain)], PhD thesis, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, p 247
Baynes J, Dearman WR (1978) The microfabric of a chemically weathered granite. Bull Eng Geol Environ 18:91–100. doi:10.1007/BF02635354
Belin JM, Livet M, Heraud H (1988) Autoroute Périgueux Clermont-Ferrand. Dossier d’étude préliminaire de la Chaîne des Puys [Périgueux Clermont-Ferrand Motorway. Preliminary study of the Chaîne des Puys], Ministère de l’équipement et du Logement, CETE Lyon, laboratoire régional de Clermont-Ferrand
Benedetti MF, Menard O, Noack Y, Carvalho A, Nahon D (1994) Water-rock interactions in tropical catchments: field rates of weathering and biomass impact. Chem Geol 118:203–220
Berthelin J (1988) Microbial weathering processes in natural environments. In: Lerman A, Meybeck M (eds) Physical and chemical weathering in geochemical cycles. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Bertrand G (2009) De la pluie à l’eau souterraine. Apport du traçage naturel (ions majeurs, isotopes) à l’étude du fonctionnement des aquifères volcaniques. (Bassin d’Argnat, Auvergne, France) [From rain to groundwater. Contribution of natural tracers (major ions, isotopes) for the study of volcanic aquifer functiuning (Argnat basin, Auvergne, France)]. PhD thesis, University Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand 2, 294 p. Available on: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/69/10/PDF/25042009_these_GBERTRAND.pdf. Accessed the 05-02-2012
Bertrand G, Celle-Jeanton H, Huneau F, Loock S, Rénac C (2010) Identification of different groundwater flowpaths within volcanic aquifers using natural tracers: influence of lava flows morphology. (Argnat basin, Chaîne des Puys, France). J Hydrol 391:223–234
Bertrand G, Goldscheider N, Gobat JM, Hunkeler D (2012a) Review: from multi-scale conceptualization of groundwater-dependent ecosystems to a classification system for management purposes. Hydrogeol J 20:5–25
Bertrand G, Masini J, Goldscheider N, Meeks J, Lavastre V, Celle-Jeanton H, Gobat JM, Hunkeler D (2012b) Determination of spatio-temporal variability of tree water uptake using stable isotopes (δ18O; δ2H) in an alluvial system supplied by a high-altitude watershed, Pfyn Forest, Switzerland. Ecohydrology, online. doi:10.1002/eco.1347
Bleak AT (1970) Disappearance of plant material under a winter snow cover. Ecology 51:915–917
Bluth GJS, Kump LR (1994) Lithologic and climatic control of river chemistry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2341–2359
Boivin P, Besson JC, Briot D, Camus G, De Goër De Herve A, Gourgaud A, Labazuy P, De Larouzière FD, Livet M, Mergoil J, Miallier D, Morel JM, Vernet G, Vincent PM (2009) Volcanologie de la Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central Français [Volcanology of the Chaîne des Puys], 5th édn, Editions du parc naturel régional des volcans d’Auvergne
Bottinga Y (1968) Calculation of fractionation factors for carbon and oxygen isotopic exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-water. J Phys Chem 72:800–818
Brady PV, Dorn RI, Brazel AJ, Clark J, Moore RB, Glidewell T (1999) Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall and temperature on silicate weathering. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:3293–3300
Bréhérét JG, Fourmont A, Macaire JJ, Negrel P (2008) Microbially mediated carbonates in the Holocene deposits from Sarliève, a small ancient lake of the French Massif Central, testify to the evolution of a restricted environment. Sedimentology 55:557–578
Camus G, Michard GPO, Boivin P (1993) Risque d’éruption gazeuse carbonique en Auvergne [Gaseous carbon eruption risk in Auvergne]. Bull Soc Géol France 164(6):767–781
Carrillo-Rivera JJ, Varsányi I, Kovács L, Cardona A (2007) Tracing groundwater flow systems with hydrogeochemistry in contrasting geological environments. Water Air Soil Pollut 184:77–103
Cerling TE, Solomon DK, Quade J, Borman JR (1991) On the isotopic composition of carbon in soil carbon dioxide. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:3403–3405
Charlier JB, Lachassagne P, Ladouche B, Cattan P, Moussa R, Voltz M (2011) Structure and hydrogeological functioning of an insular tropical humid andesitic volcanic watershed: a multi-disciplinary experimental approach. J Hydrol 398:155–170
Chiodini G, Frondini F, Kerrick DM, Rogie J, Parello F, Peruzzi L, Zanzari AR (1999) Quantification of deep CO fluxes from Central Italy. Examples of carbon balance for regional aquifers and of soil diffuse degassing. Chem Geol 159:205–222
Clark ID, Fritz P (1997) Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Lewis, New York, p 328
Coxon DS, Parkinson D (1987) Winter respiratory activity in aspen woodland forest floor litter and soils. Soil Biol Biochem 19:49–59
Cruz JV, Amaral CS (2004) Major ion chemistry of groundwater from perched-water bodies of the Azores (Portugal) volcanic archipelago. Appl Geochem 19:445–459
Cruz JV, Franca Z (2006) Hydrogeochemistry of thermal and mineral water springs of the Azores archipelago (Portugal). J Volcanol Geoth Res 151:382–398
Dafny E, Burg A, Gvirtzman H (2006) Deduction of groundwater flow regime in a basaltic aquifer using geochemical and isotopic data: the Golan Heights, Israel case study. J Hydrol 330:506–524
Deines P (1980) The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz P, Fontes JC (eds) Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry, vol 1. Elsevier, New York, pp 329–406
Deines P, Langmuir D, Harmon RS (1974) Stable isotope ratios and the existence of a gas phase in the evolution of carbonate groundwaters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 38:1147–1154
Demlie M, Wohnlich S, Ayenew T (2008) Major ion hydrochemistry and environmental isotope signatures as a tool in assessing groundwater occurrence and its dynamics in a fractured volcanic aquifer system located within a heavily urbanized catchment, central Ethiopia. J Hydrol 353:175–188
Dessert C, Dupré B, Francois LM, Schott J, Gaillardet J, Chakrapani GJ, Bajpai S (2001) Erosion of Deccan Traps determined by river geochemistry: impact on the global climate and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:459–474
Dessert C, Dupré B, Gaillardet J, Francois LM, Allegre CJ (2003) Basalt weathering laws and impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chem Geol 202:257–273
Dever ML(1985) Approaches chimiques et isotopiques des interactions fluide-matrice en zone non saturée carbonatée [Chemical and isotopic approaches of fluid-matrix interaction in carbonate saturated zone]. PhD thesis, Université Paris XI, p 196
D’Ozouville N, Auken E, Sorensen K, Violette S, De Marsily G, Deffontaines B, Merlen G (2008) Extensive perched aquifer and structural implications revealed by 3D resistivity mapping in a Galapagos volcano. Earth Planet Sci Lett 269:518–522
Drever JI (1994) The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate minerals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2325–2332
Druraiswami RA, Bondre NR, Managrave S (2008) Morphology of rubbly pahoehoe (simple) flows from the Deccan Volcanic Province: implications for style of emplacement. J Volcanol Geoth Res 177:822–836
Dudziak A, Halas S (1996) Influence of freezing and thawing on the carbon isotope composition in soil CO2. Geoderma 69:209–216
Edmond JM, Palmer MR, Measures CI, Grant B, Stallard RF (1995) The fluvial geochemistry and denudation rate of the Guyana Shield in Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:3301–3325
Emblanch C (1997) Les équilibres chimiques et isotopiques du carbone dans les aquifères karstiques: étude en région méditerranéenne de montagne [Chemical and isotopic equilibria of carbon in karstic aquifer: study in mountainous Mediterranean area] PhD thesis, Université d’Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, p 184
Emblanch C, Zuppi GM, Mudry J, Blavoux B, Batiot C (2003) Carbon 13 of TDIC to quantify the role of the unsaturated zone: the example of the Vaucluse karst systems (Southeastern France). J Hydrol 279(1–4):262–274
European Union Groundwater Directive (2006/118/EC), 2006 Available on: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/groundwater/policy/current_framework/new_directive_en.htm. Accessed the 05-02-2012
Federico C, Aiuppa A, Allard P, Bellomo S, Jean-Baptiste P, Parello F, Valenza M (2002) Magma-derived gas influx and water-rock interactions in the volcanic aquifer of Mt Vesuvius, Italy. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:963–981
Freeze AR, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, p 604
Gaillardet J, Dupré B, Louvat P, Allègre CJ (1999) Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of the large rivers. Chem Geol 159:3–30
Gal F, Gadalia A (2011) Soil gas measurements around the most recent volcanic system of metropolitan France (Lake Pavin, Massif Central). C R Geosci 343:43–54
Garrels RM, Mackenzie F (1971) Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. Norton, New York
Gislason SR, Arnorsson S, Armannsson H (1996) Chemical weathering of basalt as deduced from the composition of precipitation, rivers and rocks in SW Iceland: effect of runoff, age of rocks and vegetative/glacial cover. Am J Sci 296:837–907
Hinsinger P, Barros ON, Benedetti MF, Noack Y, Callot G (2001) Plant-induced weathering of a basaltic rocks: experimental evidence. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:137–152
Hori M, Hoshino K, Okumura K, Kano A (2008) Seasonal patterns of carbon chemistry and isotopes in tufa depositing groundwaters of southwestern Japan. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:480–492
Hottin AM, Camus G, Michaeli B, Marchand J, Perichaud J, D’Arcy D (1989) Notice explicative, carte geol. France (1/50000), feuille Pontgibaud (692) [Explicative notice, geological map France (1/50000), sheet of Pontgibaud (692)] Orléans, BRGM, p 103
Jiráková H, Huneau F, Hrkal Z, Celle-Jeanton H, Le Coustumer P (2010) Carbone isotopes to constrain the origin and circulation pattern of groundwater in the north-western part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic). Appl Geochem 25:1265–1279
Josnin JY, Livet M, Besson JC (2007) Characterizing unsaturated flow from packed scoriated lapilli: application to Strombolian cone hydrodynamic behaviour. J Hydrol 335:225–239
Joux M (2002) Structure et fonctionnement hydrogéologique du système aquifère volcanique des eaux minérales de Volvic (Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central Français) [Structure and hydrogeological functiuning of mineral waters of Volvic (Chaîne des Puys, French Massif Central)] PhD thesis, Université d’Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, p 227
Karakaya N, Karakaya MC, Nalbantçılar MT, Yavuz F (2007) Relation between spring-water chemistry and hydrothermal alteration in the Şaplıca volcanic rocks, Şebinkarahisar (Giresun, Turkey). J Geochem Explor 93:35–46
Karberg NJ, Pregitzer ÆKS, King ÆJS, Friend AL, Wood ÆJR (2005) Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone. Oecologia 142:296–306
Kiernan K, Wood C, Middleton G (2003) Aquifer structure and contamination risk in lava flows: insights from Iceland and Australia. Environ Geol 43:852–865
Kløve B, Ala-aho P, Allan A, Bertrand G, Druzynska E, Ertürk A, Goldscheider N, Henry S, Karakaya N, Karjalainen TP, Koundouri P, Kværner J, Lundberg A, Muotka T, Preda E, Pulido Velázquez M, Schipper P (2011) Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems: part II—ecosystem services and management under risk of climate Change and Land-Use Management. Environ Sci Policy 14:782–793
Korzhinskii DS (1959) Physicochemical basis of the analysis of the paragenesis of minerals (translation). Consultant Bureau, New York, p 143
Kroopnick PM, Deuser WG, Graig H (1970) Carbon-13 measurements on dissolved inorganic carbon in the North Pacific _1969. GEOSECS station. J Geophys Res 75:7668–7671
Kulkarni H, Deolankar SB, Lalwani A (2000) Hydrogeological framework of the Deccan basalt groundwater systems, west-central India. Hydrogeol J 8:368–378
Lavina P, Del Rosso d’Hers T (2008) Le complexe volcanique Montchal-Pavin-Montcynère: nouvelles stratigraphie, tephrochronologie et datations, vers une nouvelle réévaluation de l’aléa volcano-tectonique en Auvergne [The volcanic complex of montchal-Pacin-Montcynère: new stratigraphy, tephrochronology and datations, toward a new evaluation of the volcano-tectonic alea in Auvergne]. XXIIème Réunion des Sciences de la Terre, Nancy, April 2008
Levin I, Graul R, Trivett NBA (1995) Long-term observations of atmospheric CO2 and carbon isotopes at continental sites in Germany. Tellus 47B:23–34
Liu Z, Li Q, Sun H, Wang J (2007) Seasonal, diurnal and storm-scale hydrochemical variations of typical epikarst springs in subtropical karst areas of SW China:soil CO2 and dilution effects. J Hydrol 337:207–223
Livet M, D’Arcy A, Dupuy C (2006) Synthèse hydrogéologique de l’Auvergne [Hydrogeological synthesis of Auvergne]. In ‘‘Aquifères et eaux souterraines en France’’[Aquifers and groundwaters in France], Ed. BRGM, p 956
Lloret E, Dessert C, Gaillardet J, Albéric P, Crispi O, Chaduteau C, Benedetti MF (2011) Comparison of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon yields and fluxes in the watersheds of tropical volcanic islands, examples from Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Chem Geol 280:65–78
Lohila A, Aurela M, Regina K, Tuovinen JP, Laurila T (2007) Wintertime CO2 exchange in a boreal agricultural peat soil. Tellus 59B:860–873
Louvat P, Allègre CJ (1997) Present denudation rates at Réunion island determined by river geochemistry: basalt weathering and mass budget between chemical and mechanical erosions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:3645–3669
MacDonald GA (1953) Pahoehoe, a’a and block lava. Am J Sci 251:169–191
Martin-Del Pozzo A, Aceves F, Espinasa R, Aguayo A, Inguaggiato S, Morales P, Cienfuegos E (2002) Influence of volcanic activity on spring water chemistry at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico. Chem Geol 190:207–229
Matsuoka J, Kano A, Oba T, Watanabe T, Sakai S, Seto K (2001) Seasonal variation of stable isotopic compositions recorded in a laminated tufa, SW Japan. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192:31–44
Matter JM, Takahashi T, Goldberg D (2007) Experimental evaluation of in situ CO2-water-rock reactions during CO2 injection in basaltic rocks: implications for geological CO2 sequestration. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 8:Q02001. doi:10.1029/2006GC001427
Meunier A, Sardini P, Robinet JC, Prêt D (2007) The petrography of weathering processes: facts and outlooks. Clay Miner 42:415–435
Meybeck M (1987) Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads. Am J Sci 287:401–428
Millot R, Gaillardet J, Dupré B, Allègre CJ (2002) The global control of silicate weathering rates and the coupling with physical erosion: new insights from rivers of the Canadian Shield. Earth Planet Sci Lett 196:83–98
Mook WG, Groenweld DJ, Brouwn AE, van Ganwijk AJ (1974) Analysis of a run-off hydrograph by means of natural 18O. Conference Proceedings Isotope Techniques in Ground-Water Hydrology, IAEA, Vienna, pp 145–155
Moulton KL, West J, Berner RA (2000) Solute flux and mineral mass balance approaches to the quantification of plant effects on silicate weathering. Am J Sci 300:539–570
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2011): Mauna Loa Annual Mean CO2. Available on ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_annmean_mlo.txt. Accessed the 05-02-2012
Négrel P, Allègre CJ, Dupré B, Lewin E (1993) Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river water: the Congo Basin case. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120:59–76
Nesbitt HW, Wilson RE (1992) Recent chemical weathering of basalts. Am J Sci 292:740–777
Pacheco FAL, Van der Weijden CH (2012) Weathering of plagioclase across variable flow and solute transport regimes. J Hydrol 420–421:46–58
Pokrovsky OS, Schott J, Kudryavtzev DI, Dupré B (2005) Basalt weathering in Central Siberia under permafrost conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69(24):5659–5680
Quinn JA (1988) Relationship between temperature and radon levels in Lehma Caves, Nevada. US Natl Speleol Soc Bull 50:9–63
Readon EJ, Allison GB, Fritz P (1979) Seasonal chemical and isotopic variations of soil CO2 at Trout Creeg, Ontario. J Hydrol 43:355–371
Rightmire CT (1978) Seasonal variation in pCO2 and 13C content of soil atmosphere. Water Res 14:691–692
Rose TP, Davisson ML, Criss RE (1996) Isotope hydrology of voluminous cold springs in fractured rock from an active volcanic region, northeastern California. J Hydrol 179:207–236
Sausse J, Jacquot E, Leroy J, Lespinasse M (2001) Evolution of crack permeability during fluid–rock interaction. Example of the Brézouard granite (Vosges, France). Tectonophysics 336:199–214
Self S, Keszthelyi L, Thordarson T (1998) The importance of pāhoehoe. Annu Rev Planet Sci 26:81–110
Simler R (2003) Diagramme software. Available on: http://www.lha.univ-avignon.fr/LHA-Logiciels.htm. Accessed the 05-02-2012
Stallard RF, Edmond JM (1983) Geochemistry of the Amazon: 2. The influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. J Geophys Res 88(C14):9671–9688
Stefansson A, Gislason SR (2001) Chemical weathering of basalts, Southwest Iceland: effect of rock crystallinity and secondary minerals on chemical fluxes to the oceans. Amer J Sci 301:513–556
Stewart BW, Capo RC, Chadwick OA (2001) Effects of rainfall on weathering rate, base cation provenance, and Sr isotope composition of Hawaiian soils. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1087–1099
Stieljes L (1988) Hydrogéologie de l’île volcanique océanique de Mayotte (archipel des Comores, océan indien occidental) [Hydrogeology of the oceanic volcanic island of Mayotte (Comores archipelgo, occidental Indian ocean)]. Hydrogeol J 2:135–152
Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic chemistry. Wiley, New York, p 780
Toutain JP, Baubron JC (1999) Gas geochemistry and seismotectonics: a review. Tectonophysics 304:1–27
Truesdell AH, Jones RF (1974) WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters. US Geol Survey J Res 2(2):233–274
Violette S, Ledoux E, Goblet P, Carbonnel JP (1997) Hydrologic and thermal modelling of an active volcano: the Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion Island. J Hydrol 191:37–63
Vogel JC, Grootes PM, Mook WG (1970) Isotope fractionation between gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide. J Phys 230:255–258
White AF, Blum AE (1995) Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1729–1747
Wigley TML (1975) Carbon 14 dating of groundwater from closed and open systems. Wat Res Res 11(2):324–328
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank M. Féligonde, the municipalities of Volvic and Blanzat, the Syndicat Basse Limagne, and the ALTEAU Company for their authorizations to access to springs and water supply galleries, and Sébastien Valade and Arnaud Villaros for their help in figure designing. The collaboration with Christophe Rénac for isotopes analyses as well as the comments from Christophe Emblanch on the interpretation of results was much appreciated. They thank Jessica Meeks for her assistance in improving the quality of the text and two anonymous reviewers for their remarks which allowed improvement of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bertrand, G., Celle-Jeanton, H., Loock, S. et al. Contribution of \( {\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{ 2} {\text{eq}}}} \) and 13CTDIC Evaluation to the Identification of CO2 Sources in Volcanic Groundwater Systems: Influence of Hydrometeorological Conditions and Lava Flow Morphologies—Application to the Argnat Basin (Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central, France). Aquat Geochem 19, 147–171 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-012-9185-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-012-9185-0