Abstract
This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an electronic prescription ordering system and feedback report in three community-based mental health outpatient agencies and the usefulness of the system in improving psychiatrists’ prescribing behavior. Using the e-prescribing system as a data collection tool, feedback on evidence based prescribing practices for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder or major affective disorder was provided to agency directors and prescribers via a monthly report. The results of the project were that e-prescribing tools can be installed at a reasonable cost with a short start up period. Although the feedback intervention did not show a significant reduction in questionable prescribing patterns, we should continue to investigate how to best use HIT to improve safety, reduce costs, and enhance the quality of healthcare. A better understanding of what prescribers find useful and the reasons why they are prescribing non-evidenced based medications is needed if interventions of this type are to be effective. Given the availability of administrative claims data and electronic prescribing technology, considerable potential exists to provide useful information for monitoring and clinical decision making in public mental health systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2006). Practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Compendium 2006. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
Ash, J., Berg, M., & Coiera, E. (2004). Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: The nature of patient care information system-related errors. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(2), 104–112.
Bhattacherjee, A., & Hikmet, N. (2007). Physicians’ resistance toward healthcare information technology: A theoretical model and empirical test. European Journal of Information systems, 16, 725–737.
Burt, C. W., & Hing, E. (2005). Use of computerized clinical support systems in medical settings: United States, 2001–03. Advance Data, 353, 1–8.
Chen, R. S., Nadkarni, P. M., Levin, L. L., Miller, P. L., Erdos, J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2000). Using a computer database to monitor compliance with pharmocotherapeutic guidelines for schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 51(6), 791–794.
Chrischilles, E. A., Fulda, T. R., Byrns, P. J., Winckler, S. C., Rupp, M. T., & Chui, M. A. (2002). The role of pharmacy computer systems in preventing medication errors. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 42, 439–448.
Cohen, T., Kaufman, D., White, T., Segal, G., Staub, A. B., Patel, V., et al. (2004). Cognitive evaluation of an innovative psychiatric clinical knowledge enhancement system. Medinfo, 11(2), 1295–1299.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
DeMakis, J. G., Beauchamp, C., Cull, W. L., Denwood, R., Eisen, S. A., Lofgren, R., et al. (2000). Improving residents’ compliance with standards of ambulatory care: Results from the VA cooperative study on computerized reminders. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(11), 1411–1416.
Dolder, C. R., Lacro, J. P., Dunn, L. B., & Jeste, D. V. (2002). Antipsychotic medication adherence: Is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(1), 103–108.
Essock, S. E., Covell, N. H., Leckman-Westin, E., Lieberman, J. A., Sederer, L. I., Lealey, E., et al. (2009). Identifying clinically questionable psychotropic practices for medicaid recipients in New York state. Psychiatric Services, 60(12), 1595–1602.
Fayek, M., Flowers, C., Signorelli, D., & Simpson, G. (2003). Psychopharmacology: Underuse of evidence based treatment in psychiatry. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1453–1456.
Fenton, W. S., Blyler, C. R., & Heinssen, R. K. (1997). Determinants of medication compliance in Schizophrenia: Empirical and clinical findings. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23(4), 637–651.
Feussner, J. R., Kizer, K. W., & Demakis, J. G. (2000). The quality enhancement research initiative (QUERI): From evidence to action. Medical Care, 38(6), I1–I6.
Finnerty, M. (2009). Psyckes as a QI tool to decrease inpatient antipsychotic polypharmacy. In Proceedings of the 2009 Mental Health Services Research (MHSR) conference, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/19978798/2009-Mental-Health-Services-Research-(MHSR).
Finnerty, M., Altmansberger, R., Bopp, J., Carpinello, S., Docherty, J. P., Fisher, W., et al. (2002). Using state administrative and pharmacy data bases to develop a clinical decision support tool for schizophrenia guidelines. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(1), 85–94.
Grossman, M., Gerland, A., Reed, M. C., & Fahlman, C. (2007). Physicians’ experiences using commercial e-prescribing systems. Health Affairs, 26(3), w393–w404. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.3.w393.
Hogan, M. F. (2003). New freedom commission report: The president’s new freedom commission: Recommendations to transform mental health care in America. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1467–1474.
Kealy, E. (2009). Results—Psyckes: Sharing medicaid data to improve the quality of prescribing. In Proceedings of the 2009 Mental Health Services Research (MHSR) conference, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/19978798/2009-Mental-Health-Services-Research-(MHSR).
Kuno, E., Rothbard, A. B., & Hadley, T. R. (2007). Costs of implementing a computerized prescription system in a public mental health agency. Psychiatric Services, 58(10), 1351–1354.
LaPointe, L., & Rivard, S. (2005). A multilevel model of resistance to information technology implementation. MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 461–491.
Lehman, A. F., Steinwachs, D. M., & Dixon, L. B. (1998). Translating research into practice: The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 1–10.
Leslie, D. L., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2001). Use of pharmacy data to assess quality of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia in a national health care system: individual and facility predictors. Medical Care, 39, 923–933.
Miller, R., & Sim, I. (2004). Physicians’ use of electronic medical records: Barriers and solutions. Health Affairs, 23(2), 116–126.
Owen, R. R., Thrush, C. R., Cannon, D., Sloan, K. L., Curran, G., Hudson, T., et al. (2004). Use of electronic medical record data for quality improvement in schizophrenia treatment. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(5), 351–357.
Parks, J., & Surles, R. (2004). Using best practices to manage psychiatric medications under Medicaid. Psychiatric Services, 55, 1227–1229.
Podichetty, V., & Penn, D. (2004). The progressive roles of electronic medicine: benefits, concerns, and costs. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 328(2), 94–99.
Poon, E. G., Blumenthal, D., Jaggi, T., Honour, M. M., Bates, D. W., & Kaushal, R. (2004). Overcoming barriers to adopting and implementing computerized physician order entry systems in U.S. hospitals. Health Affairs, 24(4), 184–190.
Rijcken, C. A. W., Tobi, H., Vergouwen, C. M., & de Jong-van den Berg, L. T. W. (2004). Refill rate of antipsychotic drugs: An easy and inexpensive method to monitor patients’ compliance by using computerized pharmacy data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 13, 365–370.
Rothbard, A. B., Kuno, E., & Foley, K. (2003). Trends in the rate and type of antipsychotic medications prescribed to persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 531–540.
Rubenstein, L. V., Mittman, B. S., Yano, E. M., & Mulrow, C. D. (2000). From understanding health care provider behavior to improving health care: The QUERI framework for quality improvement. Medical Care, 38(6), I129–I141.
Schectman, J. A., Schorling, J. B., Nadkarni, M. M., & Voss, J. D. (2004). Can prescription refill feedback to physicians improve patient adherence? The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 327(1), 19–24.
Siegel, C., Alexander, M. J., Dlugacz, Y. D., & Fischer, S. (1984). Evaluation of a computerized drug review system: Impact, attitudes, and interactions. Computers and Biomedical Research, 17, 419–435.
Simon, G. E., Vonkorff, M., Wagner, E. H., & Barlow, W. (1993). Patterns of antidepressant use in community practice. General Hospital Psychiatry, 15(6), 399–408.
Smith, W. R. (2000). Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques to change physician behavior. Chest, 118, 8S–17S.
Soumerai, S. B. (1998). Principles and uses of academic detailing to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 28(1), 81–96.
Spil, T. A. M., Schuring, R. W., & Michel-Verkerke, M. B. (2004). Electronic prescription system: Do the professionals use it? International Journal of Healthcare Technology Management, 6(1), 32–55.
Stowell, K. R., Ghinassi, F. A., Fabian, T. J., Nash, K. C., & Haskett, R. F. (2009). An intervention to promote evidence-based prescribing at a large psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services, 60(3), 294–296.
Texas Department of State Health Services (2007). Texas implementation of medical algorithms. Austin. Available at http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/mhprograms/TIMA.shtm.
Uttaro, T., Finnerty, M., White, T., Gaylor, R., & Shindelman, L. (2007). Reduction of concurrent antipsychotic prescribing practices through the use of PSYCKES. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 34, 57–61.
White, T., Finnerty, M., & Felton, C. (2004). Implementation of a novel, psychiatric clinical knowledge enhancement system to improve quality of care and reduce pharmacy expenditures. Medinfo (CD), 1906. Retrieved from http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/news/report/2004/medinfo2004/pdffiles/papers/409_d040005601.pdf.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rothbard, A.B., Noll, E., Kuno, E. et al. Implementing an E-Prescribing System in Outpatient Mental Health Programs. Adm Policy Ment Health 40, 168–178 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0392-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0392-6