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Comparison of age distributions estimated from environmental tracers by using binary-dilution and numerical models of fractured and folded karst: Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia, USA

Comparaison de la distribution statistique de l’âge des eaux estimée avec des traceurs environnementaux, en utilisant des modèles numériques de mélange binaire et le modèle numérique d’un karst fracturé et plissé : Vallée de Shenandoah, Virginie, et Ouest Virginie, USA

Comparación de distribuciones de edad estimadas a partir de trazadores ambientales usando dilución binaria y modelos numéricos en karst fracturados y plegados: Shenandoah Valley de Virginia y West Virginia, EEUU

基于二维稀释的环境示踪剂和断裂褶皱岩溶数值模拟的年龄分布比较:美国弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的谢南多厄河谷

Comparação das distribuições de idade estimadas por traçadores ambientais usando modelos binários de diluição e numéricos em karsts fraturados e dobrados: Vale de Shenandoah, Virginia e West Virginia, EUA

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Abstract

Measured concentrations of environmental tracers in spring discharge from a karst aquifer in the Shenandoah Valley, USA, were used to refine a numerical groundwater flow model. The karst aquifer is folded and faulted carbonate bedrock dominated by diffuse flow along fractures. The numerical model represented bedrock structure and discrete features (fault zones and springs). Concentrations of 3H, 3He, 4He, and CFC-113 in spring discharge were interpreted as binary dilutions of young (0–8  years) water and old (tracer-free) water. Simulated mixtures of groundwater are derived from young water flowing along shallow paths, with the addition of old water flowing along deeper paths through the model domain that discharge to springs along fault zones. The simulated median age of young water discharged from springs (5.7  years) is slightly older than the median age estimated from 3H/3He data (4.4  years). The numerical model predicted a fraction of old water in spring discharge (0.07) that was half that determined by the binary-dilution model using the 3H/3He apparent age and 3H and CFC-113 data (0.14). This difference suggests that faults and lineaments are more numerous or extensive than those mapped and included in the numerical model.

Résumé

La concentration des traceurs environnementaux mesurée à l’émergence des sources issues d’un aquifère karstique de la Vallée de Shenandoah, USA, a été utilisée pour affiner un modèle d’écoulement souterrain numérique. L’aquifère karstique est un massif calcaire plissé et fracturé, où domine un écoulement diffus le long des fractures. Le modèle numérique représente la structure d’ensemble du massif et les paramètres discontinus (zones de failles et sources). Les concentrations en 3H, 3He, 4He et CFC-113 à l’émergence de la source ont été interprétées comme des mélanges binaires d’une eau jeune (0–8 ans) et d’une eau ancienne (dépourvue de traceur). Les mélanges d’eau souterraine simulés proviennent de l’addition d’une eau jeune suivant un cheminement proche de la surface et d’une eau ancienne qui emprunte un cheminement profond à travers le domaine couvert par le modèle et qui se décharge par des sources le long de la zone de failles. L’âge médian simulé des eaux jeunes émergeant aux sources (5.7 ans) est légèrement plus élevé que celui estimé d’après les données 3H/3He (4.4 ans). Le modèle numérique prédit une fraction d’eau ancienne à l’émergence de la source (0.07) qui est la moitié de celle déterminée par le modèle de mélange binaire utilisant l’âge apparent 3H/3He et les données de 3H et de CFC-113 (0.14). Cette différence suggère que les failles et les linéaments sont plus nombreux ou plus étendus que ceux cartographiés et intégrés au modèle numérique.

Resumen

Se usan las concentraciones medidas de trazadores ambientales en manantiales de descarga de un acuífero kárstico en el Shenandoah Valley, EEUU, para refinar un modelo numérico de flujo de agua subterránea. El acuífero kárstico es un basamento carbonático plegado y fallado dominado por flujo difuso a lo largo de las fracturas. El modelo numérico representó las estructuras del basamento y rasgos discretos (zonas de fallas y manantiales). Se interpretaron las concentraciones de 3H, 3He, 4He, y CFC-113 en la descarga de manantiales como diluciones binarias de agua joven (0–8 años) y de agua vieja (libre de trazadores). Las mezclas simuladas de agua subterránea son obtenidas a partir del agua joven que fluye a lo largo de trayectorias someras, con el agregado de agua vieja que fluye a lo largo de trayectorias más profundas a través del dominio del modelo que descarga en manantiales a lo largo de las zonas de falla. La edad mediana simulada del agua joven descargada de los manantiales (5.7 años) es ligeramente más vieja que la edad mediana estimada a partir de datos de 3H/3He (4.4 años). El modelo numérico predijo una fracción del agua vieja en la descarga de manantiales (0.07) que fue la mitad que la determinada por el modelo de dilución binario usando la edad aparente 3H/3He y los datos de 3H y CFC-113 (0.14). Esta diferencia sugiere que las fallas y lineamientos son más numerosos o extensos que aquellos mapeados e incluidos en el modelo numérico.

摘要

位于美国谢南多厄河谷的出露泉的环境示踪剂实测结果用于修正地下水流数值模型。岩溶含水层碳酸盐基岩的褶皱和断裂主要受断裂带的延伸方向所控制。数值模拟体现了基岩的结构和离散特点(断裂带和出露泉)。泉水流中的3H, 3He,4He和CFC-113的浓度可以理解为二维稀释的年轻的水(0–8年)和年龄较老的水(无示踪剂)。地下水模拟混合物为来自浅水层年轻的水混合深水层中年龄较老的水,通过沿断裂带出露泉的区域模型得出。泉水流(5.7年)中模拟的年轻水中值年龄比3H/3He(4.4 years)测得年龄稍老。数值模拟预测了一部分(0.07)年龄较老的泉水流,是3H/3He显示年龄、3H和 CFC-113数据通过二维稀释模型计算后结果的一半。这样的结果差异表明,断层和轮廓比数值模拟中反映和包含的更为大量和广泛。

Resumo

Dados de concentração de traçadores ambientais medidos na descarga de uma nascente de um aquífero cársico, no Vale do Shenandoah, EUA, foram usados para refinar um modelo numérico de fluxo de águas subterrâneas. O aquífero cársico é constituído por bedrock dobrado e fraturado e é dominado por fluxo difuso ao longo de fraturas. O modelo numérico representa formações do bedrock e elementos singulares (zonas de falhas e nascentes). As concentrações de 3H, 3He, 4He e de CFC-113 na descarga da nascente foram interpretadas como diluições binárias de água jovem (0–8 anos) e água antiga (livre de traçadores). Misturas simuladas de água subterrânea são derivadas de água jovem que flúi ao longo de caminhos subsuperficiais, com a adição de água mais antiga que flúi através de caminhos mais profundos, através do domínio do modelo que descarrega nas nascentes ao longo das falhas. A mediana das idades das águas recentes descarregadas nas nascentes (5.7 anos) é ligeiramente mais antiga do que a mediana das idades estimadas pela relação 3H/3He (4.4 anos). O modelo numérico previu a fração de água antiga na nascente (0.07), a qual é metade da determinada pelo modelo de diluição binário utilizando a idade aparente 3H/3He e os dados de 3H e CFC-113 (0.14). Esta diferença sugere que as falhas e lineamentos são mais numerosos ou extensos do que aqueles que se encontram mapeados e incluídos no modelo numérico.

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Acknowledgements

Information required to construct and calibrate the groundwater flow model described in this study was provided by USGS colleagues G. Harlow, K. McCoy, J. Pope and J. Eggleston, D. Weary, and Mark Kozar. The manuscript was improved by comments from reviewers, including S. Eberts, K. McCoy, A. Massoudieh and W.P. Gardner. We thank Allen Shapiro and D. Goode who assisted with numerical simulations pertaining to the effects of exchange between mobile and immobile waters on environmental tracer concentrations. This study was supported by the USGS Groundwater Resources Program and the USGS National Research Program. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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Yager, R.M., Plummer, L.N., Kauffman, L.J. et al. Comparison of age distributions estimated from environmental tracers by using binary-dilution and numerical models of fractured and folded karst: Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia, USA. Hydrogeol J 21, 1193–1217 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-0997-9

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