Abstract
West syndrome, which is narrowly defined as infantile spasms that occur in clusters and hypsarrhythmia on EEG, is the most common early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EOEE). Patients with West syndrome may have clear etiologies, including perinatal events, infections, gross chromosomal abnormalities, or cases followed by other EOEEs. However, the genetic etiology of most cases of West syndrome remains unexplained. DNA from 18 patients with unexplained West syndrome was subjected to microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH), followed by trio-based whole-exome sequencing in 14 unsolved families. We identified candidate pathogenic variants in 50 % of the patients (n = 9/18). The array CGH revealed candidate pathogenic copy number variations in four cases (22 %, 4/18), including an Xq28 duplication, a 16p11.2 deletion, a 16p13.1 deletion and a 19p13.2 deletion disrupting CACNA1A. Whole-exome sequencing identified candidate mutations in known epilepsy genes in five cases (36 %, 5/14). Three candidate de novo mutations were identified in three cases, with two mutations occurring in two new candidate genes (NR2F1 and CACNA2D1) (21 %, 3/14). Hemizygous candidate mutations in ALG13 and BRWD3 were identified in the other two cases (14 %, 2/14). Evaluating a panel of 67 known EOEE genes failed to identify significant mutations. Despite the heterogeneity of unexplained West syndrome, the combination of array CGH and whole-exome sequencing is an effective means of evaluating the genetic background in unexplained West syndrome. We provide additional evidence for NR2F1 as a causative gene and for CACNA2D1 and BRWD3 as candidate genes for West syndrome.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the patients, families, and doctors who participated in this study. We thank Yoko Chiba and Kumi Ito, Miyuki Tsuda, Mami Kikuchi, Makiko Nakagawa, and Kiyotaka Kuroda for technical assistance. We also acknowledge the support of the Biomedical Research Core of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. This work was supported by grant from the Ministry of Health labor and Welfare, Japan (to SK) and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25461536.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Hino-Fukuyo, N., Kikuchi, A., Arai-Ichinoi, N. et al. Genomic analysis identifies candidate pathogenic variants in 9 of 18 patients with unexplained West syndrome. Hum Genet 134, 649–658 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1553-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1553-6