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Microarray analysis identifies matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key genes whose expression is up-regulated in human adipocytes by macrophage-conditioned medium

  • Molecular and Genomic Physiology
  • Published:
Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

White adipose tissue exhibits inflammation as tissue mass expands in obesity, involving macrophage infiltration and a direct inflammatory response by adipocytes. DNA microarrays and conditioned medium have been used to examine the effects of macrophages on global gene expression in human adipocytes. SGBS adipocytes, differentiated in culture, were treated with macrophage-conditioned medium (U937 cells) for 4 or 24 h; control cells received unconditioned medium. Agilent arrays comprising 44,000 probes were used to analyse gene expression. Microarray analysis identified 1,088 genes differentially expressed in response to the conditioned medium at both 4 and 24 h (754 up-regulated, 334 down-regulated at 24 h); these included genes associated with inflammation and macrophage infiltration. A cluster of matrix metalloproteinase genes were highly up-regulated at both time-points, including MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12 and MMP19. At 4 and 24 h, MMP1 was the most highly up-regulated gene (>2,400-fold increase in mRNA at 24 h). ELISA measurements indicated that substantial quantities of MMP1 and MMP3 were released from adipocytes incubated with conditioned medium, with little release by control adipocytes. Treatment with TNFα induced substantial increases in MMP1 (>100-fold) and MMP3 (27-fold) mRNA level and MMP1 and MMP3 release in adipocytes, suggesting that this cytokine could contribute to the stimulation of MMP expression by macrophages. In conclusion, macrophage-secreted factors induce a major inflammatory response in human adipocytes, with expression of MMP family members being strongly up-regulated. The induction of MMP1 and other MMPs suggests that macrophages stimulate tissue remodelling during adipose tissue expansion in obesity.

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Abbreviations

IL:

interleukin

MC:

macrophage conditioned

MMP:

matrix metalloproteinase

TNFα:

tumour necrosis factor-α

UC:

unconditioned

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Stuart Wood and to Mr. Leif Hunter for their help and advice. PT is a member of COST BM0602. AOH is in receipt of an Industrial CASE Studentship from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), which is also thanked for grant support to PT.

Disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare; this study has no commercial implications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Obesity Biology Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK

    Adrian O’Hara & Paul Trayhurn

  2. Unilever R&D Discover, Colworth Park, Bedfordshire, UK

    Fei-Ling Lim & Dawn J. Mazzatti

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  1. Adrian O’Hara
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  2. Fei-Ling Lim
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Correspondence to Paul Trayhurn.

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O’Hara, A., Lim, FL., Mazzatti, D.J. et al. Microarray analysis identifies matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key genes whose expression is up-regulated in human adipocytes by macrophage-conditioned medium. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 458, 1103–1114 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-009-0693-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-009-0693-8

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