Abstract
The South Caspian sedimentary basin is a unique area with thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments (up to 30–32 km) characterized by an extremely high fluid generation potential. The large amount of active mud volcanoes and the volumes of their gas emissions prove the vast scale of fluid generation. Onshore and offshore mud volcanoes annually erupt more than 109 cubic meters of gases consisting of CH4 (79–98%), and a small admixture of C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, CO2, N, H2S, Ar, He. Mud volcanism is closely connected to the processes occurring in the South Caspian depression, its seismicity, fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level, solar activity and hydrocarbon generation.
The large accumulations of gas hydrates are confined to the bottom sediments of the Caspian Sea, mud volcanoes crater fields (interval 0–0.4 m, sea depth 480 m) and to the volcanoes body at the depth of 480–800 from the sea bottom. Resources of HC gases in hydrates saturated sediments up to a depth of 100 m and are estimated at 0.2×1015–8×1015 m3. The amount of HC gases concentrated in them is 1011–1012 m3.
The Caspian Sea, being an inland closed basin is very sensitive to climatic and tectonic events expressed in sea level fluctuations. During regressive stages as a result of sea level fall and the reducing of hydrostatic pressure the decomposition of gas hydrates and the releasing of a great volume of HC gases consisting mainly of methane are observed.
From the data of deep drilling, seismoacoustics, and deep seismic mud volcanic activity in the South Caspian Basin started in the Lower Miocene. Activity reached its highest intensity at the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene and was associated with dramatic Caspian Sea level fall in the Lower Pliocene of up to 600 m, which led to the isolation of the PaleoCaspian from the Eastern ParaTethys. Catastrophic reduction of PaleoCaspian size combined with the increasing scale of mud volcanic activity caused the oversaturation and intoxication of water by methane and led to the mass extinction of mollusks, fishes and other groups of sea inhabitants. In the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary mud volcanism occurred under the conditions of a semi-closed sea periodically connected with the Pontian and Mediterranean Basins. Those stages of Caspian Sea history are characterized by the revival of the Caspian organic world.
Monitoring of mud volcanoes onshore of the South Caspian demonstrated that any eruption is predicted by seismic activation in the region (South-Eastern Caucasus) and intensive fluid dynamics on the volcanoes.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are very grateful to P.Z. Mamedov (Azerbaijan State Oil Academy), A.A. Feyzullaev, A.A. Aliyev and Ch.S. Muradov (Geology Institute, Baku), B. Garrison (Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, USA), A. Judd (Applied Geology, University of Sunderland, UK), S. Kroonenberg and F. van Meer (Delft University, The Netherlands), K. Kvenvolden (Geological Survey of USA), G. Etiope (Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy) for fruitful discussion. The authors thank the staff of NASA for supporting this research on monitoring submarine volcanoes in the Caspian Sea. The authors also thank reviewers C. Baciu and F. Italiano for precise and helpful comments of this work.
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Huseynov, D.A., Guliyev, I.S. Mud volcanic natural phenomena in the South Caspian Basin: geology, fluid dynamics and environmental impact. Env Geol 46, 1012–1023 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1088-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1088-y