Abstract
It is observed that on many 4-manifolds there is a unique smooth structure underlying a globally hyperbolic Lorentz metric. For instance, every contractible smooth 4-manifold admitting a globally hyperbolic Lorentz metric is diffeomorphic to the standard \({\mathbb{R}^4}\) . Similarly, a smooth 4-manifold homeomorphic to the product of a closed oriented 3-manifold N and \({\mathbb{R}}\) and admitting a globally hyperbolic Lorentz metric is in fact diffeomorphic to \({N\times \mathbb{R}}\) . Thus one may speak of a censorship imposed by the global hyperbolicty assumption on the possible smooth structures on (3 + 1)-dimensional spacetimes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bessières, L., Besson, G., Boileau, M., Maillot, S., Porti, J.: Geometrisation of 3-manifolds. EMS Tracts in Mathematics 13, Zurich: European Mathematical Society, 2010
Bernal A., Sánchez M.: On smooth Cauchy hypersurfaces and Geroch’s splitting theorem. Commun. Math. Phys. 243, 461–470 (2003)
Bernal A., Sánchez M.: Smoothness of time functions and the metric splitting of globally hyperbolic space-times. Commun. Math. Phys. 257, 43–50 (2005)
Bernal A., Sánchez M.: Globally hyperbolic spacetimes can be defined as “causal” instead of “strongly causal”. Class. Quant. Grav. 24, 745–750 (2007)
Curtis M.L., Kwun K.W.: Infinite sums of manifolds. Topology 3, 31–42 (1965)
Geroch R.: Spinor structure of space-times in general relativity. I. J. Math. Phys. 9, 1739–1744 (1968)
Glaser L.C.: Uncountably many contractible open 4-manifolds. Topology 6, 37–42 (1966)
Gompf R.: An infinite set of exotic R 4’s. J. Diff. Geom. 21, 283–300 (1985)
Hatcher, A.: Notes on basic 3-manifold topology, http://www.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher , 2007
Hawking, S.W., Ellis, G.F.R.: The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics, No. 1, London-New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973
McMillan D.R. Jr: Cartesian products of contractible open manifolds. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 67, 510–514 (1961)
McMillan D.R. Jr: Some contractible open 3-manifolds. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 102, 373–382 (1962)
McMillan D.R., Zeeman E.C.: On contractible open manifolds. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 58, 221–229 (1962)
Munkres J.: Obstructions to the smoothing of piecewise-differentiable homeomorphisms. Ann. of Math. (2) 72, 521–554 (1960)
Newman R.P.A.C., Clarke C.J.S.: An \({\mathbb{R}^4}\) spacetime with a Cauchy surface which is not \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) . Class. Quant. Grav. 4, 53–60 (1987)
Penrose, R.: The question of cosmic censorship. In: Black holes and relativistic stars (Chicago, IL, 1996), Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 103–122
Perelman, G.: The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications, Preprint http://arXiv.org/abs/math/0211159v1 , 2002
Perelman, G.: Ricci flow with surgery on three-manifolds. Preprint http://arXiv.org/abs/math/0303109v1 [math.DG], 2003
Perelman, G.: Finite extinction time for the solutions to the Ricci flow on certain three-manifolds, Preprint http://arXiv.org/abs/math/0307245v1 [math.DG], 2003
Rourke, C.P., Sanderson, B.J.: Introduction to piecewise-linear topology, Reprint, Springer Study Edition, Berlin–New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982
Stallings J.: The piecewise-linear structure of Euclidean space. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 58, 481–488 (1962)
Taubes C.H.: Gauge theory on asymptotically periodic 3-manifolds. J. Diff. Geom. 25, 363–430 (1987)
Thurston, W.: Three-dimensional geometry and topology. Vol. 1, Edited by Si. Levy. Princeton Mathematical Series 35, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997
Turaev, V.: Towards the topological classification of geometric 3-manifolds, Topology and geometry — Rohlin Seminar, Lecture Notes in Math. 1346, Berlin: Springer, 1988, pp. 291–323
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by P. Chrusciel
This work was partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (# 235674 to Vladimir Chernov).
The second author was supported by grants from DFG and RFBR.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chernov, V., Nemirovski, S. Cosmic Censorship of Smooth Structures. Commun. Math. Phys. 320, 469–473 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-013-1686-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-013-1686-1