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Role of woody perennials in animal agroforestry

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Abstract

Two main roles are identified in the review: the productive one, where woody perennials yield a material output (fuel, fodder, etc.), and the ‘service’ type, with no tangible product (shelter, nutrient recycling, etc.). In their productive role trees and shrubs may supply fodder in browsing systems, or industrial material, wood products and food in forest and plantation grazing systems. Service roles, rarely divorced from productive ones, arise mainly from relationships between woody perennials and the herbaceous vegetation growing in their vicinity. As a fodder source, the relatively low productivity and palatability of high protein content foliage from most woody perennials would indicate a supplementary role, particulary during dry seasons in arid and semiarid zones. In these type of lands pod-bearing trees seem to have a greater potential for improving fodder production in silvopastoral systems. The negative effect of trees on pasture production in forest and plantation grazing is compensated by their contribution to the system through other products. Available data would support the potential of certain species of woody perennials to foster pasture growing underneath, mainly through soil enrichment. Windbreaks can also indirectly benefit pasture growth, by decreasing water loss from the soil. It is postulated that research efforts in animal agroforestry should be focused on woody perennials for browsing systems, particularly on pod-bearing trees having beneficial effects on the herbaceous layer growing underneath.

Resumen

Papel de leñosas perennes en sistemas agrosilvopastoriles — La revision identifica dos principales papeles: el productivo, donde las leñosas perennes rinden un producto material (leña, forraje, etc.), y el de ‘servicio’, sin produccion tangible (sombra, reciclaje de nutrientes, etc.). En su papel productivo arboles y arbustos pueden suplir forraje en sistemas de ramoneo, o madera, material para industria y alimento en los sistemas de pastoreo en el bosque o en plantaciones. El papel de servicio, raramente separado del productivo, surje principalmente de las relaciones entre las leñosas perennes y la vegetacion herbacea que crece en su proximidad. La baja productividad y palatabidad relativa de forraje con alto contenido proteico indicaria que, como fuente de forraje, el principal papel de las leñosas perennes es de tipo suplementario, particularmente durante la estacion seca en zonas aridas y semi-aridas. En el pastoreo en bosques y plantaciones el efecto negativo de los arboles sobre la produccion de pasto es compensado por la contribucion de los mismos al sistema a traves de otros productos. La informacion disponible apoyaria el potencial de ciertas especies leñosas para fomentar el desarrollo de pasturas que crecen bajo las mismos, principalmente a traves del enriquecimiento de los suelos. Rompevientos pueden tambien beneficiar indirectamente a las pasturas al disminuir las perdidas de agua del suelo. Se postula que los esfuerzos de investigacion en sistemas agrosilvopastoriles deben concentrarse en leñosas perennes para sistemas de ramoneo, particularmente en arboles que produzcan vainas y que tengan efectos favorables sobre el estrato herbaceo que crece debajo de ellos.

Résumé

Le rôle des plantes ligneuses dans l'agroforesterie animale — Deux rôles majeurs sont identifiés dans la revue: celui de production, où les plantes ligneuses rendent un produit matériel (bois de chauffage, fourrage etc.) et celui de ‘service’ qui n'a pas de rendement matériel (abri, recyclage de minéraux, etc.). Par leur rôle productif, les arbres et arbustes peuvent produire du fourrage dans les systèmes de pâture, ou des matériaux industriels, des produits ligneux et de la nourriture dans les systèmes de pâturage en forêt ou en plantation. Les rôles de service, rarement séparables de ceux de production, proviennent surtout des rapports entre les plantes ligneuses et la végétation herbacée qui croît à leur proximité. Comme source de fourrage, la productivité et la palatabilité relativement basse du feuillage à haute teneur en protéine qui caractérise la plupart des plantes ligneuses semble indiquer un rôle supplémentaire, particulièrement durant la saison sèche dans les zones arides et semi-arides. Dans ces régions, les arbres qui produisent des gousses semblent avoir un meilleur potentiel pour améliorer la production de fourrage dans les systèmes silvopastoraux.

L'influence néfaste des arbres sur la production herbagère dans les situations de pâturages en forêt ou en plantation, est compensée par leur contribution au système par d'autres produits. Les données disponibles semblent supporter l'idée voulant que certaines plantes ligneuses ont le potentiel d'encourager la croissance de pâture sous-jacente, principalement par l'intermédiaire d'un enrichissement du sol. Les brises-vent peuvent aussi être avantageux pour le rendement du pâturage en réduisant les pertes d'eau du sol. Il est postulé que les efforts de recherche en agroforesterie animale devraient se concentrer sur les plantes ligneuses pour les systèmes de pâture arborée qui ont une influence avantageuse sur la strate herbacée sous-jacente.

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  1. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya

    Filemon Torres

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Torres, F. Role of woody perennials in animal agroforestry. Agroforest Syst 1, 131–163 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00596354

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