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Effect of four multipurpose tree species on soil amelioration during tree fallow in Central Togo

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Abstract

The effects of Cassia siamea, Albizia lebbek, Acacia auriculiformis, and Azadirachta indica on soil fertility have been studied on five-year-old fallows on Ferric Acrisols in Central Togo. Litter quality and soil fertility under the four species were significantly different. Topsoil pH increases significantly with increasing litter Ca levels. Cassia siamea and Azadirachta indica were superior in enriching the sandy-loamy topsoils with Calcium and in increasing soil pH. Under Acacia, which had the highest biomass production, litter accumulation appeared to be responsible for the low mineral soil Ca and P values. In addition, topsoil pH under Acacia was lower than under grass or bush fallow or the other species. Slow litter mineralization of Acacia auriculiformis was probably caused by the thick, leathery consistence and high tannin content of its litter. Due to its high biomass production supporting soil acidification pure Acacia auriculiformis stands seemed to be less favourable for improving soil fertility on planted fallows but more suited for firewood plantations and topsoil protection. The foliage as well as the litter and topsoil under Albizia showed narrow C/N- and C/P-ratios resulting in easily mineralizable organic matter. All tree species tested were superior to natural grass/herb fallow in building up surface soil fertility. However, differences with natural bush fallow were not significant.

Résumé

Au bout de cinq ans des differences fortement significative ont été trouvées quant aux caractères de la litière et de la fertilité des jachères arborées avec Cassia siamea, Albizia lebbek, Acacia auriculiformis et Azadirachta indica, respectivement. ll y a une corrélation positive entre le pH de l'horizon superficiel et la teneur en Ca dans la litière: l'enrichissement du sol sable-limoneux en Ca et le pH sont plus élevés sous Cassia siamea et Azadirachta indica que sous les autres espèces. Acacia se caractérise par la plus grande production en biomasse, donc une accumulation importante de litière sur le sol, ce qui entraîne les plus faibles teneurs en P et Ca dans l'horizon de surface. En plus, il semble qu'elle fait diminuer le pH parce que les valeurs trouvées sont inférieures à celles des parcelles témoin ou des autres espèces. La mineralisation retardée de la litière de Acacia auriculiformis depend probablement de la consistence des feuilles et du content élevé de tannine. Acacia est par consequent moins favorable à des jachères plantées mais plutôt efficace quant à la production du bois de feu et la protection du sol contre l'érosion. Vu les petits rapport C/N et C/P dans les feuilles, la litière et dans l'horizon superficiel d'Albizia, on peut supposer que sa matière organique soit plus facilement décomposable. Toutes les espèces d'arbre étudiées sont plus capables de lever la fertilité des sols que les herbes des parcelles témoin. La comparaison avec une jachère spontanée d'arbustes ne fait pas apparâitre d'effets significatifs.

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Drechsel, P., Glaser, B. & Zech, W. Effect of four multipurpose tree species on soil amelioration during tree fallow in Central Togo. Agroforest Syst 16, 193–202 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119316

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