Skip to main content

Social Psychological Perspectives on Deviance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Social Psychology

Abstract

Social psychological perspectives on deviance provide discussions of the nature of deviance and explanations of the definition, antecedents, or consequences of deviance that implicate both personal (behavioral or intrapsychic) and social (interpersonal, group, macrosocial) structures and processes. In this chapter we draw on empirical research and theoretical works conducted in various subfields of social science and on an integrative theory of deviant behavior first fully developed by Kaplan (Patterns of juvenile delinquency, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1984) and modified over the course of several decades. While it was not possible to present every theoretical perspective that addresses our social psychological understanding of some aspect of deviant behavior, those perspectives that are widely regarded as most productive as well as a representative sample of the range of perspectives that persist in the literature have been presented. The chapter concludes with some suggestions for ways to advance the social psychological study of deviance in the future.

Howard B. Kaplan, 2003 (original version revised posthumously by Feodor A. Gostjev and Robert J. Johnson). The theoretical foundation laid out by Howard Kaplan is left largely intact from its original publication. This chapter is revised from the earlier version primarily in two ways. First, as Howard noted recently to one of the co-authors, he had renewed a conversation with others about the application of a general theory of deviance to the field of criminology. This chapter extends that conversation. Second, we expand the chapter to include more discussion about the implications for a wider range of methodological issues and how they can be advance or informed by the foundations of the theory. Some of these were mentioned briefly in the original, and Kaplan himself was well-known for his interest in these methodological advances particularly as they related to longitudinal research. We were honored to be asked (by Diane Kaplan) and entrusted with this task (by John Delamater and Amanda Ward) to revise the chapter for this edition of the handbook. However much the reader finds this chapter falls short of the goals to remain faithful to the original theory and indicate its wider applicability both substantively and methodologically, they should attribute it to our shortcomings in the efforts at revision and not necessarily the scholarly strength and merit of the original chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime: The rise of the new female criminal. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. (2011). Toward a unified criminology: Integrating assumptions about crime, people and society. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L. (2000). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation and application. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L., La Greca, A. J., Cochran, J., & Sellers, C. (1989). Social learning theory and alcohol behavior among the elderly. The Sociological Quarterly, 30, 625–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, R. L., & Lee, G. (1996). A longitudinal test of social learning theory: Adolescent smoking. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 317–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barak, G. (1998). Integrating criminologies. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marihuana user. The American Journal of Sociology, 59, 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in sociology of deviance. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonger, W. (1969). Criminality and economic conditions [1916]. Abridged with an introduction by Austin T. Turk. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, C. R., Feinberg, S. L., & Dietz, R. D. (2004). The paradox of social organization: Networks, collective efficacy, and violent crime in urban neighborhoods. Social Forces, 83, 503–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R. L., & Akers, R. L. (1966). A differential association-reinforcement theory of criminal behavior. Social Problems, 14, 128–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bursik, R. J., Jr. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26, 519–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bursik, R. J., Jr., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. J. (2003). The new parochialism: The implications of the Beltway case for arguments concerning informal social control. The American Journal of Sociology, 108, 1249–1291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambliss, W. J. (1974). The state, the law, and the definition of behavior as criminal or delinquent. In D. Glaser (Ed.), Handbook of criminology (pp. 7–43). Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2004). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (Eds.). (1986). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, K., & Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Feminism and criminology. Justice Quarterly, 5, 497–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFleur, M. L., & Quinney, R. (1966). A reformulation of Sutherland’s differential association theory and a strategy for empirical verification. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 3, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. (1895/1938). The rules of sociological method. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. (1980). Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45, 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, K. T. (1966). Wayward puritans: A study in the sociology of deviance. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. T., Cullen, F. T., Dunaway, R. G., & Burton, V. S., Jr. (1995). Religion and crime re-examined: The impact of religion, secular controls, and social ecology on adult criminality. Criminology, 33, 195–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, R. A., & Swigert, V. L. (1982). Deviance and social control. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C. L., Sullivan, C. J., Jones, S., & Piquero, A. L. (2010). “Does it take a village?” Assessing neighborhood influences on children’s self-control. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47, 31–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. The American Journal of Sociology, 107, 990–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, P. C., Schroeder, R., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2007). Emotions and crime over the life course: A neo-Meadian perspective on criminal continuity and change. The American Journal of Sociology, 112, 1603–1661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, D. C., McNeill, R. J., III, & Gottfredson, G. D. (1991). Social area influences on delinquency: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 197–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J. (1994). Crime and disrepute. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynie, D. L. (2001). Delinquent peers revisited: Does network structure matter? The American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1013–1057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, K. (2000). Changes in the gender gap in crime and women’s economic marginalization. In G. LaFree (Ed.), Criminal justice 2000: The changing nature of crime (Vol. 1, pp. 427–483). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, J. P. (1970). Social stratification and deviant behavior. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschi, T. (2004). Self-control and crime. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 537–552). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1972). Toward a general theory of psychosocial deviance: The case of aggressive behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 6, 593–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1975). Self-attitudes and deviant behavior. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1980). Deviant behavior in defense of self. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1984). Patterns of juvenile delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1986). Social psychology of self-referent behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1995). Drugs, crime, and other deviant adaptations. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Drugs, crime, and other deviant adaptations: Longitudinal studies (pp. 3–46). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1996). Psychosocial stress from the perspective of self theory. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Perspectives on structure, theory, life-course, and methods (pp. 175–244). San Diego, CA: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Halim, S. (2000). Aggression and self-derogation: Moderating influences of gender race/ethnicity, and stage in the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 5, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Johnson, R. J. (1992). Relationships between circumstances surrounding initial illicit drug use and escalation of drug use: Moderating effects of gender and early adolescent experiences. In M. Glantz & R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to drug abuse (pp. 299–358). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Johnson, R. J. (2001). Social deviance: Testing a general theory. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Lin, C.-H. (2000). Deviant identity as a moderator of the relation between negative self-feelings and deviant behavior. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 20, 150–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Peck, B. M. (1992). Self-rejection, coping style, and mode of deviant response. Social Science Quarterly, 73, 903–919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Tolle, G. C., Jr. (2006). The cycle of deviant behavior: Investigating intergenerational parallelism. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of crime: Moral and sensual attractions to doing evil. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobrin, S. (1951). The conflict of values in delinquency areas. American Sociological Review, 16, 653–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krohn, M. D. (1986). The web of conformity: A network approach to the explanation of delinquent behavior. Social Problems, 33, S81–S93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, J. L., Heimer, K., & Lynch, J. P. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the national crime victimization survey. Criminology, 47, 361–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemert, E. M. (1967). Human deviance, social problems, and social control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebow, E. (1967). Tally’s corner: A study of Negro street corner men. Boston: Little Brown and Comapny.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, A. W. (1938). Island community: A study of ecological successions in Hawaii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (1999). The labeling theory of mental disorder (II): The consequences of labeling. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 361–376). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice (Vol. 7, pp. 29–149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckenbill, D. F. (1977). Criminal homicide as a situated transaction. Social Problems, 25, 176–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2010). Settling down and aging out: Toward an interactionist theory of desistance and the transition to adulthood. The American Journal of Sociology, 116, 543–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsueda, R. L., Kreager, D. A., & Huizinga, D. (2006). Deterring delinquents: A rational choice model of theft and violence. American Sociological Review, 71, 95–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Social Science Review, 3, 672–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messerschmidt, J. W. (1993). Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, S. F., Krohn, M. D., & Liska, A. E. (1989). Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime. New York: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzl, J. (2009). The protest psychosis: How schizophrenia became a black disease. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, I. F. (1958). Family relationships and delinquent behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. E. (1915). The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment. The American Journal of Sociology, 20, 577–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternoster, R. (1985). Assessments of risk and behavioral experience: An explanatory study of change. Criminology, 23, 417–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternoster, R., & Pogarsky, G. (2009). Rational choice, agency and thoughtfully reflective decision making: The short and long-term consequences of making good choices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternoster, R., Saltzman, L. E., Waldo, G. P., & Chiricos, T. G. (1983). Perceived risk and social control: Do sanctions really deter? Law and Society Review, 17, 457–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattillo, M. E. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a black middle-class neighborhood. Social Forces, 76, 747–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, A. R., Paternoster, R., Pogarsky, G., & Loughran, T. (2011). Elaborating the individual difference component in deterrence theory. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 7, 335–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinney, R. (1970). The social reality of crime. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinney, R. (1980). Class, state, and crime. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Application and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reckless, W. C. (1961). A new theory of delinquency and crime. Federal Probation, 25, 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reckless, W. C. (1967). The crime problem (4th ed.). New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reckless, W. C., Dinitz, S., & Murray, E. (1956). Self-concept as an insulator against delinquency. American Sociological Review, 21, 744–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, A. J. (1951). Delinquency as the failure of personal and social control. American Sociological Review, 16, 196–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, P. H., Waite, E., Bose, C. E., & Berk, R. E. (1974). The seriousness of crimes: Normative structure and individual differences. American Sociological Review, 39, 224–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rymond-Richmond, W. (2006). Transforming communities: Formal and informal mechanisms of social control. In R. D. Peterson, L. J. Krivo, & J. Hagan (Eds.), The many colors of crime: Inequalities of race, ethnicity, and crime in America (pp. 295–312). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Bartusch, D. J. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32, 777–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Laub, J. H., & Wimer, C. (2006). Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects. Criminology, 44, 465–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J., Steffensmeier, D., Zhing, H., & Ackerman, J. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violence: Reevaluating NCVS and other evidence. Criminology, 47, 401–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellin, T. (1938). Culture conflict and crime (Bulletin 41). New York: Social Science Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, C., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, D. J. (2000). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of delinquent behavior (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, R. (1987). Deviant places: A theory of the ecology of crime. Criminology, 25, 893–909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stylianou, S. (2003). Measuring crime seriousness perceptions: What have we learned and what else do we want to know. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 37–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E. H. (1937). The professional thief. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of criminology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. The American Journal of Sociology, 22, 664–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, I., Walton, P., & Young, J. (1973). The new criminology. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2000). The self-report method for measuring delinquency and crime. In D. Duffee (Ed.), Criminal justice 2000: Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 33–83). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R. (1980). Sanctions and social deviance: The question of deterrence. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R. (1994). The theoretical basis for inequality in formal social control. In G. S. Bridges & M. A. Myers (Eds.), Inequality, crime, and social control (pp. 221–252). Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R. (1995). Control balance: Toward a general theory of deviance. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C. R., & Paternoster, R. (2000). Social deviance and crime. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turk, A. T. (1964). Prospects for theories of criminal behavior. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Sciences, 55, 454–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer, J. T., & Wilson, M. S. (2003). The potential contributions of quantitative research to symbolic interactionism. Symbolic Interaction, 26, 531–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vold, G. B. (1958). Theoretical criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, P.-O. H. (2006). Linking individual, setting, and acts of crime: Situational mechanisms and the explanation of crime. In P. H. Wikström & R. J. Sampson (Eds.), The explanation of crime: Contexts, mechanisms, and development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. The Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, L. (1945). Human ecology. The American Journal of Sociology, 50, 483–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, B. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1999). Low self-control, social bonds, and crime: Social causation, social selection, or both. Criminology, 37, 479–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarrow, M. R., Schwartz, C. G., Murphy, H. S., & Deasy, L. C. (1955). The psychological meaning of mental illness in the family. Journal of Social Issues, 11, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimring, F. E. (1971). Perspectives on deterrence (NIMH monograph series on crime and delinquency issues). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1973). Deterrence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Feodor A. Gostjev M.A. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaplan, H.B., Gostjev, F.A., Johnson, R.J. (2013). Social Psychological Perspectives on Deviance. In: DeLamater, J., Ward, A. (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics