Abstract
This chapter describes the physicochemical mechanisms that formulate the air quality over the Mediterranean region and the resulted impacts on the regional climate. At first, a detailed description of the teleconnections and regional flow patterns that dominate in the region is provided. The dominant flow patterns during the different seasons of the year determine the transport paths of air pollutants and aerosols towards and across the study area. The analysis on the characteristics of the air pollution transport is separated for the different parts of the Mediterranean region (eastern, western and entire), since the sources of pollutants that reach at different points in the region vary, while specific pollutant transport paths may influence the wider Mediterranean area. Similarities and differences in patterns are discussed. The air quality over the region, as recorded from black/organic carbon, ozone, aerosol observations, is extensively discussed, along with seasonal variabilities and annual trends. There is particular discussion on the suspension of naturally-produced aerosols and especially desert dust particles in the region and their spatial influence on the aerosol levels. At the last part of the chapter, the major impacts of the transport and transformation processes (natural and anthropogenic pollutants) on the regional climate are discussed. The impacts of aerosols are distinguished in direct (the impacts on radiation budget), health (the amounts of inhaled particles and impacts on health) and indirect effects (impacts on clouds and precipitation), are discussed on qualitative and quantitative way.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Alpert P, Halfon N, Levin Z (2009) Reply to comment by Givati A and Rosenfeld D, On the paper by Alpert P, Halfon N, Levin Z Does air pollution really suppress precipitation in Israel? JAMC 48(8):1733–1746
Amiridis V, Balis DS, Giannakaki E, Stohl A, Kazadzis S, Koukouli ME, Zanis P (2009) Optical characteristics of biomass burning aerosols over Southeastern Europe determined from UV-Raman lidar measurements. Atmos Chem Phys 9:2431–2440
Andreae MO, Rosenfeld D (2008) Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols. Earth Sci Rev 89:13–41
Andreae TW, Andreae MO, Ichoku C, Maenhaut W, Cafmeyer J, Karnieli A, Orlovsky L (2002) Light scattering by dust and anthropogenic aerosol at a remote site in the Negev desert, Israel. J Geophys Res 107. doi:10.1029/2001JD900252
Astitha M, Kallos G, Katsafados P (2008) Air pollution modeling in the Mediterranean region: analysis and forecasting of episodes. Atmos Res 89:358–364
Astitha M, Kallos G, Spyrou C, O’Hirok W, Lelieveld J, Denier van der Gon HAC (2010) Modelling the chemically aged and mixed aerosols over the eastern central Atlantic Ocean – potential impacts. Atmos Chem Phys 10:5797–5822. doi:10.5194/acp-10-5797-2010
Balis DS, Zerefos CS, Kourtidis K, Bais AF, Hofzumahaus A, Kraus A, Schmitt R, Blumthaler M, Gobbi GP (2002) Measurements and modeling of photolysis rates during the PAUR II campaign. J Geophys Res 107. doi:10.1029/2000JD000136
Balis DS, Amiridis V, Zerefos C, Kazantzidis A, Kazadzis S, Bais AF, Meleti C, Gerasopoulos E, Papayannis A, Matthias V, Dier H, Andreae MO (2004) Study of the effect of different type of aerosols on UV-B radiation from measurements during EARLINET. Atmos Chem Phys 4:307–321
Barry RG, Chorley RJ (2008) Atmosphere, weather and climate, 5th edn. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London
Bolle HJ (1995) Identification and observation of desertification processes with the aid of measurements from space: results from the European field experiment in desertification-threatened areas (EFEDA). Environ Monit Asses 37:93–101
Cerlini P, Corti S, Tibaldi S (1999) An Intercomparison between low-frequency variability indices. Tellus A 51:773–789
Dayan U, Levy I (2002) Relationship between synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation and ozone concentrations over Israel. J Geophys Res Atmos 107(24):XLXI–XLXII
Dayan U, Levy I (2005) The influence of meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM10 and visibility in Tel Aviv. J Appl Meteorol 44(5):606–619
DeMott PJ (2002) Chapter 5: Laboratory studies of cirrus cloud processes. In: Lynch DK, Sassen K, Starr DOC, Stephens G (eds) Cirrus. Oxford University Press, New York
DeMott PJ, Cziczo DJ, Prenni AJ, Murphy DM, Kreidenweis SM, Thomson DS, Borys R, Rogers DC (2003) Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14655–14660
Derwent RG, Stevenson DS, Collins WJ, Johnson CE (2004) Intercontinental transport and the origins of the ozone observed at surface cities in Europe. Atmos Environ 38:1891–1901
Dockery DW, Pope CA (1994) Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Ann Rev Pub Health 15:107–132
Doering U, van Aardenne J, Monni S, Pagliari V, Orlandini L, SanMartin F (2009) CIRCE_report_D8.1.2 Evaluation emission database 1990–2005, Project FP6: 6.3 – No. 036961 – CIRCE
El-Fandy MG (1946) Barometric lows of Cyprus. Q J R Meteorol Soc 72:291–306
Escudero M, Querol X, Pey J, Alastuey A, Pérez N, Ferreira F, Alonso S, Rodríguez S, Cuevas E (2007) A methodology for the quantification of the net African dust load in air quality monitoring networks. Atmos Environ 41:5516–5524
Gangoiti G, Millán MM, Salvador R, Mantilla E (2001) Longrange transport and re-circulation of pollutants in the western Mediterranean during the RECAPMA project. Atmos Environ 35:6267–6276
Gerasopoulos E, Andreae MO, Zerefos CS, Andreae TW, Balis D, Formenti P, Merlet P, Amiridis V, Papastefanou C (2003) Climatological aspects of aerosol optical properties in Northern Greece. Atmos Chem Phys 3:2025–2041
Gerasopoulos E, Kouvarakis G, Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N (2005) Ozone variability in the marine boundary layer of the Eastern Mediterranean based on 7-year observations. J Geophys Res 110. doi:10.1029/2005JD005991
Gerasopoulos E, Kouvarakis G, Vrekoussis M, Donoussis C, Mihalopoulos N, Kanakidou M (2006) Photochemical ozone production in the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 40:3057–3069
Gerasopoulos E, Koulouri E, Kalivitis N, Kouvarakis G, Saarikoski S, Makela T, Hillamo R, Mihalopoulos N (2007) Size-segregated mass distributions of aerosols over eastern Mediterranean: seasonal variability and comparison with AERONET columnar size-distributions. Atmos Chem Phys 7:2551–2561
Givati A, Rosenfeld D (2004) Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J Appl Meteorol 43:1038–1056
Givati A, Rosenfeld D (2005) Separation between cloud-seeding and air-pollution effects. J Appl Meteorol 44:1298–1315
Guerzoni S, Chester R, Dulac F, Herut B, Loye-Pilot MD, Measures C, Migon C, Molinaroli E, Moulin C, Rossini P, Ssydam C, Soudine A, Ziveri P (1999) The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea. Prog Oceanogr 44:147–190
Halfon N, Levin Z, Alpert P (2009) Temporal rainfall fluctuations in Israel and their possible link to urban and air pollution effects. Environ Res Lett 4. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/025001
Herut B, Nimmo M, Medway A, Chester R, Krom MD (2001) Dry atmospheric inputs of trace metals at the Mediterranean coast of Israel (SE Mediterranean): sources and fluxes. Atmos Environ 35:803–813
Hofzumahaus A, Kraus A, Kylling A, Zerefos CS (2002) Solar actinic radiation (280–420 nm) in the cloud-free troposphere between ground and 12 km altitude: measurements and model results. J Geophys Res 107. doi:10.1029/2001JD900142
Hua L, Tomasset F (1983) A numerical study of the effects of coastline geometry on wind-induced upwelling in the Gulf of Lion. J Phys Oceanogr 13:678–694
Hudson RD, Frolov AD, Andrade MF, Follette MB (2003) The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part I: defining the regimes. J Atmos Sci 60(14):1669–1677
Huschke RE (1986) Glossary of meteorology. American Meteorological Society, Boston
Kalabokas PD, Volz-Thomas A, Brioude J, Thouret V, Cammas J-P, Repapis CC (2007) Vertical ozone measurements in the troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean and comparison with Central Europe. Atmos Chem Phys 7:3783–3790
Kalivitis N, Gerasopoulos E, Vrekoussis M, Kouvarakis G, Kubilay N, Hatzianastassiou N, Vardavas I, Mihalopoulos N (2007) Dust transport over the Eastern Mediterranean derived from TOMS, AERONET and surface measurements. J Geophys Res 112(D3):3202. doi:10.1029/2006JD007510
Kallos G, Metaxas D (1980) Synoptic process for the formation of cyprus lows. Rivista di Meteorologia Aeronautica XL(2–3):121–138
Kallos G, Kassomenos P, Pielke RA (1993) Synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions during air pollution episodes in Athens, Greece. Bound Layer Meteorol 62:163–184
Kallos G, Papadopoulos A, Varinou M, Kassomenos P (1995) Estimation of the contribution of the air quality degradation in Athens from major elevated sources. Int J Environ Pollut 5(4–6):611–622
Kallos G, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K, Papadopoulos A (1998) On the long-range transport of air pollutants from Europe to Africa. Geophys Res Lett 25(5):619–622
Kallos G, Papadopoulos A, Katsafados P (2003) Model-derived seasonal amounts of dust deposited on Mediterranean Sea and Europe. Elsev Oceanogr Ser 69(C):57–63
Kallos G, Papadopoulos A, Katsafados P, Nickovic S (2006) Transatlantic Saharan dust transport: model simulation and results. J Geophys Res 111:D09204. doi:10.1029/2005JD006207
Kallos G, Astitha M, Katsafados P, Spyrou C (2007) Long-range transport of anthropogenically and naturally produced particulate matter in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic: current state of knowledge. J Appl Meteorol Clim 46:1230–1251
Kallos G, Spyrou C, Mitsakou C (2009) Short and long wave radiative forcing from desert dust and impacts on weather and climate, EGU General Assembly 2009, Vienna, Austria, 19–24 April 2009
Karyampudi VM, Palm SP, Reagen JA, Fang H, Grant WB, Hoff RM, Moulin C, Pierce HF, Torres O, Browell EV, Melfi SH (1999) Validation of the Saharan dust plume conceptual model using lidar, Meteosat, and ECMWF data. B Am Meteorol Soc 80(6):1045–1075
Kassomenos P, Kotroni V, Kallos G (1995) Analysis of the climatological and air quality observations from the Greater Athens area. Atmos Environ 29:3671–3688
Khain A, Rosenfeld D, Pokrovsky A (2005) Aerosol impact on the dynamics and microphysics of deep convective clouds. Q J R Meteorol Soc 131:2639–2663
King MD, Menzel WP, Kaufman YJ, Tanre D, Gao BC, Platnick S, Ackerman SA, Remer LA, Pincus R, Hbanks PA (2003) Cloud and aerosol properties, precipitable water and profiles of temperature and water vapor from MODIS. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote 41:442–456
Kishcha P, Alpert P, Shtivelman A, Krichak SO, Joseph JH, Kallos G, Katsafados P, Spyrou C, Gobbi GP, Barnaba F, Nickovic S, Perez C, Baldasano JM (2007) Forecast errors in dust vertical distributions over Rome (Italy): multiple particle size representation and cloud contributions. J Geophys Res 112:D15205. doi:10.1029/2006JD007427
Koçak M, Mihalopoulos N, Kubilay N (2007) Contributions of natural sources to high PM10 and PM2.5 events in the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 41:3806–3818
Kotroni V, Kallos G, Lagouvardos K (1997) Convergence zones over the Greek Peninsula and associated thunderstorm activity. Q J R Meteorol Soc 123:1961–1984
Kotroni V, Kallos G, Lagouvardos K, Varinou M, Walko R (1999) Numerical simulations of the meteorological and dispersion conditions during an air pollution episode over Athens, Greece. J Appl Meteorol 38:432–447
Kourtidis K et al (2002) Regional levels of ozone in the troposphere over eastern Mediterranean. J Geophys Res 107(D18):8140. doi:10.1029/2000JD000140
Kouvarakis G, Mihalopoulos N (2002) Seasonal variation of dimethylsulfide in the gas phase and of methanesulfonate and non-sea–salt sulfate in the aerosols phase in the eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. Atmos Environ 36(6):929–938
Kouvarakis G, Tsigaridis K, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N (2000) Temporal variations of surface regional background ozone over Crete Island in the southeast Mediterranean. J Geophys Res 105(D4):4399–4407
Krichak SO, Tsidulko M, Alpert P (2002) A study of an INDOEX period with aerosol transport to the eastern Mediterranean area. J Geophys Res 107(D21):4582. doi:10.1029/2001JD001169
Ladstätter-Weißenmayer A, Kanakidou M, Meyer-Arnek J, Dermitzaki EV, Richter A, Vrekoussis M, Wittrock F, Burrows JP (2007) Pollution events over the East Mediterranean: synergistic use of GOME, ground based and sonde observations and models. Atmos Environ 41:7262–7273. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.031
Lawrence MG, von Kuhlmann R, Salzmann M, Rasch PJ (2003) The balance of effects of deep convective mixing on tropospheric ozone. Geophys Res Lett 30(18):ASC 5-1–ASC 5-4
Lelieveld J, Berresheim H et al (2002) Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean. Science 298:794–799
Levin Z, Cotton WR (eds) (2009) Aerosol pollution impact on precipitation; a scientific review. Springer, London, 382 pp
Levin Z, Teller A, Ganor E, Yin Y (2005) On the interactions of mineral dust, sea salt particles and clouds; a measurement and modeling study from the MEIDEX campaign. J Geophys Res 110:D20202. doi:10.1029/2005JD005810
Li Q et al (2002) Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America. J Geophys Res 107(4166). doi:10.1029/2001JD001422
Luria M, Peleg M, Sharf G, Siman Tov-Alper D, Spitz N, Ben Ami Y, Gawii Z et al (1996) Atmospheric sulfur over the east Mediterranean region. J Geophys Res Atmos 101(20):25917–25930
Maheras P, Xoplaki E, Davies T, Martin-Vide J, Bariendos M, Alcoforado MJ (1999) Warm and cold monthly anomalies across the Mediterranean basin and their relationship with circulation; 1860–1990. Int J Climatol 19(15):1697–1715
Middleton N, Yiallouros P, Kleanthous S, Kolokotroni O, Schwartz J, Dockery DW, Demokritou P, Koutrakis P (2008) A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms. Environ Health 7(39). doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-39
Millán M (2002) Ozone dynamics in the Mediterranean basin: a collection of scientific papers resulting from the MECAPIP, RECAPMA and SECAP Projects. Air Pollution Research Report 78, European Commission, DG RTD I.2, LX 46 2/82, Rue de la Loi, 200, B-1040, Brussels, pp 287
Millán MM, Artiñano B, Alonso L, Navazo M, Castro M (1991) The effect of meso-scale flows on regional and long-range atmospheric transport in the western Mediterranean area. Atmos Environ 25A(5/6):949–963
Millán MM, Artiñano B, Alonso L, Castro M, Fernandez-Patier R, Goberna J (1992) Meso-Meteorological Cycles of Air Pollution in the Iberian Peninsula, (MECAPIP) (Air Pollution Research Report 44, EUR No. 14834), European Commission DG XII/E-1, Rue de la Loi, 200, B-140, Brussels
Millán M et al (1997) Photoxidant dynamics in the Mediterranean basin in summer: results from European research projects. J Geophys Res 102:8811–8823
Millán MM, Mantilla E, Salvador R, Carratalá A, Sanz MJ, Alonso L, Gangoiti G, Navazo M (2000) Ozone cycles in the western Mediterranean basin: interpretation of monitoring data in complex coastal terrain. J Appl Meteorol 39:487–508
Millán MM, José Sanz M, Salvador R, Mantilla E (2002) Atmospheric dynamics and ozone cycles related to nitrogen deposition in the western Mediterranean. Environ Pollut 118(2):167–186
Millot C, Wald L (1981) Infrared remote sensing in the Gulf of Lions. In: Gower JFR (ed) Oceanography from space, Plenum Press, New York, pp 183–187
Mitsakou C, Kallos G, Papantoniou N, Spyrou C, Solomos S, Astitha M, Housiadas C (2008) Saharan dust levels in Greece and received inhalation doses. Atmos Chem Phys 8:7181–7192
Olivier JGJ, Bouwman AF, Van der Hoek KW, Berdowski JJM (1998) Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NOx, NH3 and N2O in 1990. Environ Pollut 102:135–148
Olivier JGJ, Berdowski JJM, Peters JAHW, Bakker J, Visschedijk AJH, en Bloos JPJ (2001) Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.0: reference database with trend data for 1970–1995. RIVM, Bilthoven. RIVM report no. 773301 001/NOP report no. 410200 051
Orville RE, Huffines G, Nielsen-Gammon J, Zhang R, Ely B, Steiger S, Phillips S, Allen S, Read W (2001) Enhancement of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Geophys Res Lett 28(13):2597–2600
Ozsoy E, Kubilay N, Nickovic S, Moulin C (2001) A hemisphere dust storm affecting the Atlantic and Mediterranean April 1994: analyses, modelling, ground-based measurements and satellite observations. J Geophys Res 106:18439–18460
Palau JL, Perez-Landa G, Dieguez JJ, Monter C, Millán M (2005) The importance of meteorological scales to forecast air pollution scenarios on coastal complex terrain. Atmos Chem Phys 5:2771–2785
Palau JL, Perez-Landa G, Melia J, Segarra D, Millán M (2006) A study of dispersion in complex terrain under winter conditions using high-resolution mesoscale and Lagrangian particle models. Atmos Chem Phys 6:1105–1134
Palau JL, Perez-Landa G, Millán M (2009) Transitional dispersive scenarios driven by mesoscale flows on complex terrain under strong dry convective conditions. Atmos Chem Phys 9:119–131
Papadimas CD, Hatzianastassiou N, Mihalopoulos N, Querol X, Vardavas I (2008) Spatial and temporal variability in aerosol properties over the Mediterranean basin based on 6-year (2000–2006) MODIS data. J Geophys Res Atmos 113(D11205). doi:10.1029/2007JD009189
Papayannis A, Balis D, Amiridis V, Chourdakis G, Tsaknakis G, Zerefos C, Castanho ADA, Nickovic S, Kazadzis S, Grabowski J (2005) Measurements of Saharan dust aerosols over the Eastern Mediterranean using elastic backscatter-Raman lidar, spectrophotometric and satellite observations in the frame of the EARLINET project. Atmos Chem Phys 5:2065–2079
Peleg M, Luria M, Sharf G, Vanger A, Kallos G, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K, Varinou M (1997) Observational evidence of an ozone episode over the Greater Athens area. Atmos Environ 31(23):3969–3983
Perez L, Tobias A, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M, Pey J, González-Cabré M, Valero N, Künzli N, Sunyer J (2008) Coarse particles from Saharan dust and daily mortality. Epidemiology 19(6):800–807
Perrino C, Anepari S, Cardarelli E, Catrambone M, Sargolini T (2008) Inorganic constituents of urban air pollution in the Lazio region (Central Italy). Environ Monit Assess 136:69–86
Perry KD, Cahill TA, Eldred RA, Dutcher DD, Gill TE (1997) Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States. J Geophys Res Atmos 102(10):11225–11238
Pey J, Pérez N, Castillo S, Viana M, Moreno T, Pandolfi M, López-Sebastián JM, Alastuey A, Querol X (2009) Geochemistry of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean. Atmos Res 94(3):422–435
Pilinis C, Kassomenos P, Kallos G (1993) Modeling of photochemical pollution in Athens, Greece. Application of the RAMS-CALGRID modelling system. Atmos Environ 27:353–370
Pitter RL, Pruppacher HP (1973) A wind tunnel investigation of freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. Q J R Meteorol Soc 99:540–550
Prospero JM, Lamb PJ (2003) African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean: climate change implications. Science 302(5647):1024–1027
Prospero JM, Ginoux P, Torres O, Nicholson SE, Gill TE (2001) Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Rev Geophys 40(1):2–1
Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1997) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Springer, London
Querol X, Alastuey A, Lopez-Soler A, Plana F, Puicercus JA, Mantilla E, Miro JV, Artiñano B (1998) Seasonal evolution of atmospheric suspended particles around a coal-fired power station: particulate levels and sources. Atmos Environ 32(11):1963–1978
Querol X, Alastuey A, Rodríguez S, Plana F, Ruiz CR, Cots N, Massagué G, Puig O (2001) PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area, Catalonia, Spain. Atmos Environ 35/36:6407–6419
Querol X, Alastuey A, Pey J, Pandolfi M, Cusack M, Pérez N, Viana M, Moreno T, Mihalopoulos N, Kallos G, Kleanthous S (2009a) African dust contributions to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean basin. Atmos Environ 43(28):4266–4277
Querol X, Alastuey A, Pey J, Cusack M, Pérez N, Mihalopoulos N, Theodosi C, Gerasopoulos E, Kubilay N, Kocak M (2009b) Variability in regional background aerosols within the Mediterranean. Atmos Chem Phys 9:4575–4591
Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Mitra AP, Althausen D, Anderson J, Andreae MO et al (2001) Indian Ocean experiment: an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze. J Geophys Res Atmos 106(D22):28371–28398
Rodríguez S, Querol X, Alastuey A, Kallos G, Kakaliagou O (2001) Saharan dust contributions to PM10 and TSP levels in southern and eastern Spain. Atmos Environ 35(14):2433–2447
Rosenfeld D, Woodley WL, Axisa D, Freud E, Hudson JG, Givati A (2008) Aircraft measurements of the impacts of pollution aerosols on clouds and precipitation over the Sierra Nevada. J Geophys Res Atmos 113(D15203)
Schellnhuber HJ (1999) Earth system analysis and the second Copernican revolution. Nature 402:C19–C23
Scorer RS (1952) Mountain-gap winds; a study of surface winds at Gibraltar. Q J R Meteorol Soc 78:53–61
Solomos S, Kallos G, Kushta J, Astitha M, Tremback C, Nenes A, Levin Z (2011) An integrated modeling study on the effects of mineral dust and sea salt particles on clouds and precipitation. Atmos Chem Phys 11:873–892
Spyrou C, Mitsakou C, Kallos G, Louka P, Vlastou G (2010) An improved limited area model for describing the dust cycle in the atmosphere. J Geophys Res 115:D17211. doi:10.1029/2009JD013682
Steiger SM, Orville RE (2003) Cloud-to-ground lightning enhancement over southern Louisiana. Geophys Res Lett 30(19):ASC 1-1–ASC 1-4
Steiger SM, Orville RE, Huffines G (2002) Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics over Houston, Texas: 1989–2000. J Geophys Res Atmos 107(11):ACL 2-1–ACL 2-13
Teller A, Levin Z (2006) The effects of aerosols on precipitation and dimensions of subtropical clouds; a sensitivity study using a numerical cloud model. Atmos Chem Phys 6:67–80
Thunis P, Cuvelier C (2000) Impact of biogenic emissions on ozone formation in the Mediterranean area – a BEMA modelling study. Atmos Environ 34(3):467–481
Tragou E, Lascaratos A (2003) Role of aerosols on the Mediterranean solar radiation. J Geophys Res 108. doi:10.1029/2001JC001258
Traub M, Lelieveld J (2003) Cross-tropopause transport over the eastern Mediterranean. J Geophys Res Atmos 108:ACL1-1–ACL 1-10
Ulbrich U et al (2003) The central European floods of August 2002: Part I – Rainfall periods and flood development. Weather 58:371–377
Varinou M, Kallos G, Tsiligiridis G, Sistla G (1999) The role of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on tropospheric ozone formation over Greece. Phys Chem Earth Part C 24:507–513
Varinou M, Kallos G, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K (2000) The influence of the lateral boundaries and background concentrations on limited area photochemical model simulations. Int J Environ Pollut 14:354–363
Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Perner D, Berresheim H, Baboukas E (2004) Role of the NO3 radicals in oxidation processes in the eastern Mediterranean troposphere during the MINOS campaign. Atmos Chem Phys 4:169–182
Vrekoussis M, Liakakou E, Kocak M, Kubilay N, Oikonomou K, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N (2005) Seasonal variability of optical properties of aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 39:7083–7094
Vrekoussis M, Liakakou N, Mihalopoulos M, Kanakidou PJ, Crutzen J (2006) Lelieveld, formation of HNO3 and NO3 - in the anthropogenically-influenced eastern Mediterranean marine boundary layer. Geophys Res Lett 33:L05811. doi:10.1029/2005GL025069
Wanger A, Peleg M, Sharf G, Mahrer Y, Dayan U, Kallos G, Kotroni V, Lagouvardos K, Varinou M, Papadopoulos A, Luria M (2000) Some observational and modeling evidence of long-range transport of air pollutants from Europe toward the Israeli coast. J Geophys Res Atmos 105(D6):7177–7186
Westcott NE (1995) Summertime cloud-to-ground lightning activity around major Midwestern urban areas. J Appl Meteorol 34(7):1633–1642
Zerefos CS, Balis D, Tzortziou M, Bais A, Meleti C, Bernhard G, Herman J (2001) A note on the interannual variations of UV-B erythemal doses and solar irradiance from ground-based and satellite observations. Ann Geophys 19:115–120
Zerefos CS, Kourtidis KA, Melas D, Balis D, Zanis P, Katsaros L, Mantis HT, Repapis C, Isaksen I, Sundet J, Herman J, Bhartia PK, Calpini B (2002) Photochemical Activity and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) modulation factors: an overview of the project. J Geophys Res Atmos 107(24):1–1–1–15
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kallos, G. et al. (2013). Mechanisms of Climate Variability, Air Quality and Impacts of Atmospheric Constituents in the Mediterranean Region. In: Navarra, A., Tubiana, L. (eds) Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 50. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5781-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5781-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5780-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5781-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)