Abstract
Based on neighborhood life cycles, this paper describes the development and the functions of an Urban Crime Simulator (UCS) that are based on a concept that neighborhood goes through cycles from newly established and energetic neighborhoods to matured and stabilized ones and then to deteriorated neighborhoods that await for new stimuli for revitalization. The UCS was developed to estimate changes in property crime rates as induced by changes in the socioeconomic characteristics of urban neighborhoods. UCS is fully integrated with geographically referenced data and is operational in GIS environment. It offers flexibility in the inclusion of neighborhood attributes that may best fit a specific localized context and knowledge of local neighborhoods and neighborhood attributes as suggested by criminological literature.
With UCS, urban neighborhoods are profiled by a selected set of attributes as defined by users. These neighborhoods are first classified into clusters by a hierarchical cluster analysis, which minimizes in-cluster differences and maximizes between-cluster differences. When attribute values of a target neighborhood are updated with projected or planned changes, UCS searches the entire area to find a reference neighborhood with an attribute profile that is the closest to that of the target neighborhood. Once the reference neighborhood is found, all neighborhoods in the reference neighborhood’s cluster are statistically analyzed to yield an estimate for what a new crime rate may be for the target neighborhood with the projected changes.
UCS has a set of tools to assist its users. Correlation among included attributes can be easily calculated to detect if there is any issue of co-linearity. Global and localized spatial autocorrelation can be calculated to evaluate if any spatial dependency among their data would cause any concern in the simulations. Finally, global and localized regression models enable UCS users to assess how appropriate the selected attributes are with respect to explaining the variation in crime rates among the neighborhoods.
UCS is software designed for practical use by law-enforcement agencies that may not be able to take the necessary time to assemble a detailed comprehensive database as other modeling approaches require before carrying out such simulations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Baxter V, Lauria M (2000) Residential mortgage foreclosure and neighborhood change. Hous Policy Debate 11(3):675–699
Birch DL (1972) Toward a stage theory of urban growth. J Am Inst Plan 37:78–87
Bottoms AE, Wiles P (2002) Environmental criminology. In: Maguire M, Morgan R, Reiner R (eds) The Oxford handbook of criminology, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 620–656
Brantingham P, Brantingham P (1975) Residential burglary and urban form. Urban Stud 12:273–284
Brantingham PJ, Brantingham PL (1981) Environmental criminology. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks
Brantingham PL, Brantingham PJ (2004) Computer simulation as a tool for environmental criminologists. Secur J 17:21–30
Crossney KB (2010) Is predatory mortgage lending activity spatially clustered? Prof Geogr 62(2):153–170
Crow W, Bull J (1975) Robbery deterrence: an applied behavioral science demonstration – final report. Western Behavioral Science Institute. La Jolla, CA
Duncan O, Duncan B (1957) The Negro population of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Fulmer A (2009) Burning down the house: mortgage fraud and the destruction of residential neighborhoods. White paper submitted for a meeting on mortgage fraud, foreclosures and neighborhood decline. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
Galster GC (2005) Consequences from the redistribution of urban poverty during the 1990s: a cautionary tale. Econ Dev Q 19(2):119–125
George D (2009) SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference, 16.0 Update. Allyn and Bacon, Boston
Gilberto SM, Houston AL (1989) Relocation opportunities and mortgage default. Am R Estate Urban Econ Assoc J 17(1):55–69
Groff E (2008) Simulating crime to inform theory and practice. In: Chainey S, Tompson L (eds) Crime mapping case studies: practice and research. Wiley, Hoboken
Hoover EM, Vernon R (1939) Anatomy of a metropolis. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Immergluck D, Smith G (2005) There goes the neighborhood: the effect of single-family mortgage foreclosures on property values. Research report. Woodstock Institute, Chicago, IL
Kaplan DH, Sommers GG (2009) An analysis of the relationship between housing foreclosures, lending practices, and neighborhood ecology: evidence from a distressed county. Prof Geogr 61(1):101–120
Lee K (2008) Foreclosure’s price-depressing spillover effects on local properties: a literature review. Community Affairs Discussion Paper, Boston, MA: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. September.
Liang J (2001) Simulating crimes and crime patterns using cellular Automata and GIS. PhD disseration, University of Cincinnati
Lin L (2008) Artificial crime analysis system: using computer simulations and geographic information systems. IGI Global, Hershey
Long B, Zhang Z, Yu P (2010) Relational data clustering: models, algorithms, and applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton
Lowry IS (1960) Filtering and housing standards: a conceptual analysis. Land Econ 36:362–379
Malleson N, Heppenstall A, See L (2010) Crime reduction through simulation: an agent-based model of burglary. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(3):236–250
Metzger JT (2000) Planned abandonment: the neighborhood life-cycle theory and national urban policy. Hous policy debate 11:7–40
Park R (1952) Human communities. Free Press, Glencoe
Pennington-Cross A (2004) The value of foreclosed property. Journal of Real Estate Research 28:193–214.
Roncek DW, Bell R (1981) Bars, blocks, and crimes. J Environ Syst 11(1):35–47
Schuetz J, Been V, Ellen IG (2008) Neighborhood effects of concentrated mortgage foreclosures. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No. 08–41
Sherman L, Weisburd DL (1995) General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime hot spots: a randomized controlled trial. Justice Q 12:625–48
Sherman LW, Gartin P, Buerger ME (1989) Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology 27(1):27–55
Simmons RA, Quercia RG, Maric I (1998) The value impact of residential construction and neighborhood disinvestment on residential sales price. J R Estate Res 15(1/2):147–161
Stark R (1987) Deviant places: a theory of the ecology of crime. Criminology 25:893–909
Taeuber K, Taeuber A (1965) Negroes in cities. Aldine, Chicago
Weisburd D, Bushway S, Lum C, Yang SM (2004) Trajectories of crime at places: a longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle. Criminology 42(2):283–321
Wilson WJ (1987) The truly disadvantaged: the inner-city, the underclass and public policy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Wilson RE (2007) The impact of software on crime mapping: an Introduction to a Special journal issue of Social Science Computing Review on crime mapping. Soc Sci Comput Rev 25:135–142
Wilson RE (2011) Guest editor’s introduction: crime and urban form. Cityscape 13(3):1–6
Wilson RE, Paulsen DJ (2010) A theoretical underpinning of neighborhood deterioration and the onset of long-term crime problems from foreclosures. Working paper from a meeting on mortgage fraud, foreclosures and neighborhood decline, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
Winsberg MD (1989) Life cycle neighborhood changes in Chicago suburbs, 1960–80. Growth Change 20:71–80
Yeates M, Garner BJ (1976) The North American city. Harper and Row, New York
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by funding from the South Carolina Research Authority (SCRA) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, J., Wilson, R.E. (2013). Geospatial Modeling and Simulation of Property Crime in Urban Neighborhoods: An Example Model with Foreclosure. In: Leitner, M. (eds) Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies. Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4996-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4997-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)