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Stem Cells and Human Diseases pp 387–418Cite as

Common Denominators of Self-renewal and Malignancy in Neural Stem Cells and Glioma

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Abstract

Regulation of neural stem cell number needs to be tightly controlled. Mutations affecting stem cells or progenitor cells may result in uncontrolled proliferation and ultimately cancer. A growing body of evidence suggests that this mechanism underlies the genesis of several brain tumors, e.g. gliomas. The most malignant form is called glioblastoma multiforme and unfortunately its prognosis remains poor. The concept of tumor-causing stem cell-like cells, also called cancer stem cells, in solid tumors has attracted a lot of interest over the last 5–10 years. A glioma-initiating cell bearing stem cell characteristics has been proposed as the origin of glioma, with the ability to seed new tumors through the capacity to evade chemotherapy and irradiation. This would be a unique feature for glioma-initiating cells, not shared by the bulk of tumor cells. Neural progenitors and glioma-initiating cells have several common traits, such as sustained proliferation and a highly efficient migratory capacity in the brain. There are similarities between then neurogenic niche where adult neural stem cells reside, and the tumorigenic niche. These include interactions with the extracellular matrix, and many of the matrix components are deregulated in glioma. The signaling pathways that are mutated in glioma are in general important neural stem cell pathways that regulate cell proliferation/self renewal, differentiation, migration and survival. Molecular changes in these pathways due to mutations are associated with brain tumor development and so present therapy targets. Novel molecular classification of glioblastoma gives hope for more stratified treatment, and we are hopefully on the threshold to patient-specific treatments which may finally change the outcome in this devastating disease.

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Abbreviations

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BTSC:

Brain tumor stem cell

CSC:

Cancer stem cells

CNS:

Central nervous system

DG:

Dentate gyrus

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ECM:

Extracellular matix

FGF-2:

Fibroblast growth factor-2

GBM:

Glioblastoma multiforme

Gli:

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog

GIC:

Glioma-initiating cell

HA:

Hyaluronan

MMP:

Matrix metalloprotease

NSC:

Neural stem cell

Ptch:

Patched

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

PDGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

RTK:

Receptor tyrosine kinase

RB1:

Retinoblastoma 1

Shh:

Sonic hedgehog

SCF:

Stem cell factor

SVZ:

Sub ventricular zone

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor β

TP53:

Tumor protein 53

Wnt:

Wingless

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden

    Grzegorz Wicher & Karin Forsberg-Nilsson

  2. MSD, Solbakken 1, Postboks 458, Brakeroya, N-3002, Drammen, Norway

    Karin Holmqvist

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  1. Grzegorz Wicher
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  2. Karin Holmqvist
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  3. Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
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Correspondence to Karin Forsberg-Nilsson .

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  1. , Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Rainbow Blvd 3901, Kansas City, 66160, Kansas, USA

    Rakesh Srivastava

  2. , Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Rainbow Blvd 3901, Kansas City, 66160, Kansas, USA

    Sharmila Shankar

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Wicher, G., Holmqvist, K., Forsberg-Nilsson, K. (2012). Common Denominators of Self-renewal and Malignancy in Neural Stem Cells and Glioma. In: Srivastava, R., Shankar, S. (eds) Stem Cells and Human Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2801-1_17

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