Abstract
Geomagnetic indices are a measure of geomagnetic activity, which is a signature of the response of the Earth magnetosphere and ionosphere to solar forcing. They play a significant role in describing the magnetic configuration of the Earth’s ionized environment. In the second half of the twentieth century, they have become a key parameter in Solar Terrestrial studies; in the past 15 years, they have become a key parameter in Space Weather, being commonly used to detect and describe Space Weather events. The objective of this chapter is to contribute to a better understanding of the meaning, usefulness, potential and limitations of geomagnetic indices. Standard geomagnetic indices, as well as some newly introduced quantities are considered. We present for each index, or each index family, a short but complete description of the derivation process and a review of the information that the index may provide on the dynamics of, and on the physical processes that take place in the Earth’s ionized environment.
To the observers
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The C figure is the first geomagnetic index defined at an international level: each observer assigned a certain number (0, 1, or 2) to each Greenwich day, by judging the relative degree of disturbance of the magnetogram (resp., quiet, moderately disturbed, or disturbed). The planetary or international magnetic character figure C i was defined as the mean of the C figures supplied by all the cooperating observatories.
- 2.
A sfe, or magnetic crochet is the sudden perturbation in geomagnetic elements that follows the eruption of a solar flare. sfe events occur when a solar flare points towards the Earth; they are confined mostly to the sunlit hemisphere and are associated with currents that flow primarily in the ionosphere. They are due to the extra ionization produced by X ray and EUV flare radiation. For more details, the reader is referred to, e.g., Curto et al. (1994a, b) and references therein. sfe events are usually noticed on magnetograms at low and mid-latitude stations as an increase in the intensity of the S R (see Section 8.2.2). Lists of sfe events are compiled by the Service of Rapid Variations on the basis of reports made by observatories from morphological inspection of their magnetograms.
- 3.
In the GSM frame, the x-axis is represented by the Earth-Sun line, directed positive towards the Sun. The y-axis is defined as the cross product of the GSM x-axis and the magnetic dipole axis, directed positive towards dusk. The z-axis is defined as the cross product of the x- and y-axes. The magnetic dipole axis lies within the xz plane.
- 4.
The S R corresponds to the curve observed during an individual magnetic quiet day; the S q variation is deduced from S R curves by averaging them over a given time interval, during which it thus represents the most likely S R variation.
- 5.
The Cowling conductivity is then a combination of the Hall and Pedersen conductivities which arise in magnetized collisional plasma, such as the ionosphere.
- 6.
The PCN indices were recalculated once the software bug was corrected. The index is available in both 1 min and 15 min resolution from 1975 until the present, from:
- 7.
The PCS index is available (for registered users) in 15 min resolution from 1978 to Oct. 1992, and in 1 min resolution from Nov. 1992 until the present, from:
- 8.
The full citation is deliberate here so the reader is aware that the papers are by the same authors.
- 9.
Bz is the IMF North-South component, V sw is the solar wind velocity.
- 10.
Reference AE values are available on-line at http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ and at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 11.
Bz is the IMF North-South component, Vsw is the solar wind velocity.
- 12.
- 13.
The morphological rules are also published in Menvielle et al. (1995)
- 14.
Centred dipole coordinates are obtained by approximating the main field of the Earth by a centred dipole (that is, the degree one terms of a spherical analysis of this field); corrected geomagnetic coordinates differ from the former by taking higher-order spherical harmonic terms of the main field into account.
- 15.
For the sake of coherency with the Bartels’ definition, one takes L9 = 500 nT at 50° of corrected geomagnetic latitude.
- 16.
Niemegk is a typical subauroral station
- 17.
K p and ap: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb2/pb23/Niemegk/en/index.html am, an, as, aa, and aλ: http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 18.
Reference Kp and ap values are available on-line at http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb2/pb23/Niemegk/en/index.html and at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr/
- 19.
Reference am, an, and as values are available on-line at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 20.
The conversion tables are based on the Niemegk scale: “each class is divided into ten equal parts, the tenth subclass being on either side of each limit between subsequent classes. (…) Special treatment is applied for Kj = 0.0 to 1.5: both classes K = 0 and 1 are considered as a single class, which is divided in 15 equal parts.” (Mayaud, 1980, p. 56).
- 21.
Reference aλ values are available on-line at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 22.
See note 1.
- 23.
Reference aa values are available on-line at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 24.
see Section 8.2.
- 25.
The GSM coordinates are deduced from the GSEQ ones by a simple rotation around their common x axis, which points from Earth to the Sun.
- 26.
Reference Dst values are available on-line at http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ and at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 27.
Reference SYM and ASY values are available on-line at http://swdcwww.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/
- 28.
Reference lists of sscs are available on-line at http://www.obsebre.es and at http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr
- 29.
Geomagnetic pulsations are quasi-periodic variations of the Earth’s magnetic field which are classified by their structure and frequency
- 30.
- 31.
Digital data of the ULF index are available from:
Abbreviations
- Bx:
-
IMF component along x axis, directed positive towards the Sun
- By:
-
IMF component along the y axis, directed positive towards dusk
- Bz:
-
IMF component along the z axis, directed positive towards north
- CME:
-
Coronal Mass Ejection
- D:
-
Declination: angle between the local magnetic field and the geographic north; D is positive when the geomagnetic north is east of geographic north.
- DP-1:
-
Disturbance Polar of type 1 current
- DP-2:
-
Disturbance Polar of type 2 current
- GIC:
-
Ground Induced Currents
- GMLAT:
-
Geomagnetic Latitude
- GSEQ:
-
Geocentric Solar Equatorial coordinate system (x axis is from Earth to Sun, y axis is parallel to solar equatorial plane, z axis is positive northward)
- GSM:
-
Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric coordinate system (x axis is from Earth to Sun; z axis is northward in a plane containing the x axis and the geomagnetic dipole axis)
- H:
-
geomagnetic field horizontal component along the local geomagnetic north direction, directed positive northward
- IGY:
-
International Geophysical Year (July 1, 1957—Dec. 31, 1958)
- IMF:
-
Interplanetary Magnetic Field
- Intermagnet:
-
International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network
- LT:
-
Local Time
- MLT:
-
Magnetic Local Time
- RE :
-
Earth radius
- rms:
-
root mean square
- sfe:
-
solar flare effect
- Sq:
-
Solar quiet variation
- SR :
-
Solar Regular variation
- ssc:
-
storm sudden commencement
- ULF:
-
Ultra Low Frequency
- UT:
-
Universal Time
- X:
-
geomagnetic field horizontal component along the geographic north direction, directed positive northward
- Y:
-
geomagnetic field horizontal component along the geographic east direction, directed positive eastward
- Z:
-
geomagnetic field vertical component, directed positive downward
- Institutions :
-
- AARI:
-
Artic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
- DMI:
-
Danish Meteorological Institute, Kopenhagen, Denmark
- GFZ:
-
GeoForschung Zentrum, Potsdam, Germany
- IAGA:
-
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
- IATME:
-
International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity
- ISGI:
-
International Service of Geomagnetic Indices
- IUGG:
-
International Union of Geophysics and Geodesy
- LATMOS:
-
Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France
- WDC-Kyoto:
-
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, Japan
References
Ahn B-H, Kroehl HW, Kamide Y, Kihn EA (2000a) Universal time variations of the auroral electrojet indices. J Geophys Res 267–275
Ahn B-H, Kroehl HW, Kamide Y, Kihn EA (2000b) Seasonal and solar cycle variations of the auroral electrojet indices. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 62:1301–1310
Akasofu S-I, Chapman S (1964) On the asymmetric development of magnetic storm field in low and middle latitudes. Planet Space Sci 12:607
Akasofu S-I, Chapman S (1972) Solar terrestrial physics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Allen J.H, Kroehl HW (1975) Spatial and temporal distributions of magnetic effects of auroral electrojets as derived from AE indices. J Geophys Res 80:3667–3677
Bartels J (1940) Report on the numerical characterization of days, IATME Bull. I1, p. 27, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Publ. Off., Paris.
Bartels J (1949) The standardized index, Ks, and the planetary index, Kp, IATME Bulletin 12b, 97.
Bartels J (1951) An attempt to standardize the daily international magnetic character figure, IATME Bull. 12e, p. 109, International Union of Geodesy. and Geophysics, Publ. Off., Paris.
Bartels J, Veldkamp J (1954) International data on magnetic disturbances, fourth quarter, 1953. J Geophys Res 59:295
Bartels J, Heck NH, Johnston HF (1939) The three-hour-range index measuring geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 44:411
Bartels J, Heck NH, Johnston HF (1940) Geomagnetic three-hour-range indices for the years 1938 and 1939. J Geophys Res 45:309
Baumjohann W, Kamide Y (1984) Hemispherical Joule heating and the AE indices. J Geophys Res 89 :383–388
Berthelier A (1979) Étude des influences du vent solaire sur l’activité magn6tique terrestre, particulièrement aux hautes latitudes, doctorat d’etat, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie
Berthelier A (1993) The K-derived planetary indices: derivation, meaning and uses in solar terrestrial physics. In: Hruska J et al (eds) STPW-IV proceedings, vol 3. US Government Publications Office, Boulder, CO, pp. 3–20
Basu S (1975) Universal time seasonal variations of auroral zone magnetic activity and VHF scintillations. J Geophys Res 80:4725–4728
Boller BR, Stolov HL (1970) Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 75:6073
Burton RK, McPherron RL, Russell CT (1975) An empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and Dst. J Geophys Res 80:4204
Cahill LJ Jr (1966) Inflation of the inner magnetosphere during a magneticstorm. J Geophys Res 71:4505
Carovillano, RL, Maguire JJ (1968) Magnetic energy relationships in the magnetosphere, In: Carovillano RL and McClay JF (eds) Physics of the magnetosphere, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 270–300
Chun FK, Knipp DJ, McHarg MG, Lu G, Emery BA, Troshichev OA (1999) Polar cap index as a proxy for hemispheric Joule heating. Geophys Res Lett 26:1101
Clauer CR, McPherron RL (1980) The relative importance of the interplanetary electric field and magnetospheric substorms on the partial ring current development. J Geophys Res 85:6747–6759
Clauer CR, McPherron RL, Searls C, Kivelson MG (1981) Solar wind control of auroral zone geomagnetic activity. Geophys Res Lett 8:915–918
Clilverd MA, Clark T, Clarke E, Rishbeth H, Ulich T (2002) The causes of long-term change in the aa index. J Geophys Res 107:A12441. doi:10.1029/2001JA000501
Clilverd MA, Clarke E, Ulich T, Linthe J, Rishbeth H (2005) Reconstructing the long-term aa index. J Geophys Res 110:A07205. doi:10.1029/2004JA010762
Cliver EW, Boriakoff V, Bounar KH (1998) Geomagnetic activity and the solar wind during the Maunder Minimum. Geophys Res Lett 25:897
Cliver EW, Kamide Y, Ling AG (2000) Mountains versus valleys: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 105:2413–2424
Clauer CR, McPherron RL, Searls C (1983) Solar wind control of the low- latitude asymmetric magnetic disturbance field. J Geophys Res 88:2123–2130
Coles R, Menvielle M (1991) Some thoughts concerning new digital magnetic indices. Geophys Trans 36:303–312
Cowley SWH (1982) The causes of convection in the Earth’s magnetosphere: a review of developments during the IMS. Rev Geophys Space Phys 20:531–565
Crooker NC, Siscoe GL (1971) A study of the geomagnetic disturbance field asymmetry. Radiol Sci 6:495–501
Crooker NC (1972) High-time resolution of the low-latitude asymmetric disturbance in the geomagnetic field. J. Geophys Res 77:773–775
Crooker NU, Siscoe GL (1981) Birkeland currents as the cause of thelow-latitude asymmetric disturbance field. J Geophys Res 86:11201
Curto J-J, Araki T, Alberca LF (2007a) Evolution of the concept of Sudden Storm Commencements and their operative identification. Earth Planet Space 59:I–XII
Curto J-J, Cardùs JO, Alberca LF, Blanch E (2007b) Milestones of the IAGA International Service of Rapid Magnetic Variations and its contribution to geomagnetic field knowledge. Earth Planets Space 59:463–471
Davis TN, Sugiura M (1966) Auroral electroject activity index AE and its universal time variations. J Geophys Res 71:785–801
de La Sayette P, Berthelier A (1996) The am annual-diurnal variations 1959–1988: A 30 year evaluation. J Geophys Res 101:10,653
Dessler AJ, Parker EN (1959) Hydromagnetic theory of geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 64:2239–2252.
Echer E, Gonzalez WD, Gonzalez ALC, Prestes A, Vieira LEA, Dal Lago A, Guarnieri FL, Schuch NJ. (2004) Long-term correlation between solar and geomagnetic activity. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 66:1019–1025
Fiori RAD, Koustov AV, Boteler D, Makarevich RA (2009) PCN magnetic index and average convection velocity in the polar cap inferred from SuperDARN radar measurements. J Geophys Res 114:A07225. doi:10.1029/2008JA013964
Frank LA (1970) Direct detection of asymmetric increases of extraterrestrial ring proton intensities in the outer radiation zone. J Geophys Res 75:1263
Fukushima N (1976) Generalized theorem for no ground magnetic effect of vertical currents connected with Pedersen currents in the uniform-conductivity ionosphere. Rep Ionos Res Japan 30:35–40
Fukushima N, Kamide Y (1973) Partial ring current models for world geomagnetic disturbances. Rev Geophys Space Phys 11:795
Hakkinen LVT, Pulkkinen TI, Nevanlinna H, Pirjola RJ, Tankanen EI (2002) Effects of induced currents on Dst and on magnetic variations at midlatitude stations. J Geophys Res 107:1014–1021. doi:10.1029/2001JA900130
Huang C-S (2005) Variations of polar cap index in response to solar wind changes and magnetospheric substorms. J Geophys Res 110:A01203. doi:10.1029/2004JA010616
Iijima T, Potemra TA, Zanetti LJ (1990) Large-scale characteristics of magnetospheric equatorial currents. J Geophys Res 95:991
Iyemori T (1990) Storm-time magnetos-pheric currents inferred from mid-latitude geomagnetic field variations. J Geomagnetics Geoelectrics 42:1249–1265
Iyemori T, Rao DRK (1996) Decay of the Dst component of geomagnetic disturbance after substorm onset and its implication to storm substorm relation. Ann Geophys 14:608–618
Iyemori T, Maeda H, Kamei T (1979) Impulse response of geomagnetic indices to interplanetary magnetic field. J Geomagnetics Geoelectrics 31:1–9
Janzhura A, Troshichev O, Stauning P (2007) Unified PC indices: Relation to the isolated magnetic substorms. J Geophys Res 112:A09207. doi:10.1029/2006JA012132
Johnston HF (1943) Mean K-indices from twenty one magnetic observatories and five quiet and five disturbed days for 1942. Terr Magn Atmos Elec 47:219
Jordanova VK (2007) Modeling geoma-gnetic storm dynamics: New results and chal-lenges. J Atmosp Solar-Terr Phy 69:56–66
Karinen A, Mursula K (2005) A new reconstruction of the Dst index for 1932–2002. Ann Geophys 23:475–485
Kawasaki K, Akasofu S-I (1971) Low-latitude DS component of geomagnetic storm field. J Geophys Res 76:2396–2405
Kitamura K, Shimazu H, Fujita S, Watari S, Kunitake M, Shinagawa H, Tanaka T (2008) Properties of AE indices derived from real-time global simulation and their implications for solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. J Geophys Res 113:A03S10. doi:10.1029/2007JA012514
Kozyreva OV, Pilipenko VA, Engebretson MJ, Yumoto K, Watermann J, Romanova N (2007) In search of a new ULF wave index: Comparison of Pc5 power with dynamics of geostationary relativistic electrons. Planet Space Sci 55:755–769. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2006.03.013
Langel RA, Estes RH, Mead GD, Fabiano EB, Lancaster ER (1980) Initial geomagnetic field model from Magsat vector data. Geophys Res Lett 7:793
Lathuillère C, Menvielle M (2010) Comparison of the observed and modeled low- to mid-latitude thermosphere response to magnetic activity: Effects of solar cycle and disturbance time delay. J Adv Space Res 45:1093–1100. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.08.016
Lathuillère C, Menvielle M, Lilensten J, Amari T, Radicella SM (2002) From the Sun’s atmosphere to the Earth’s atmosphere: an overview of scientific models available for space weather developments. Ann Geophys 20:1081–1104
Lathuillère C, Menvielle M, Marchaudon A, Bruinsma S (2008) A statistical study of the observed and modeled global thermosphere response to magnetic activity at middle and low latitudes. J Geophys Res 113:A07311. doi:10.1029/2007JA012991
Legrand JP, Simon P (1991) A two components solar cycle. Sol Phys 131:187
Li X, Oh KS, Temerin M (2007) Prediction of the AL index using solar wind parameters. J Geophys Res 112:A06224. doi:10.1029/2006JA011918
Liou K, Carbary JF, Newell PT, Meng C-I, Rasmussen O (2003) Correlation of auroral power with the polar cap index. J Geophys Res 108(A3):1108. doi:10.1029/2002JA009556
Lockwood M, Stamper R, Wild MN (1999) A Doubling of the Sun’s Coronal Magnetic Field during the Last 100 Years. Nature 399:437–439
Lukianova R (2003) Magnetospheric response to sudden changes in solar wind dynamic pressure inferred from polar cap index. J Geophys Res 108(A12):1428. doi:10.1029/2002JA009790
Lukianova R (2007) Comment on Unified PCN and PCS indices: method of calculation, physical sense, dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components In: Troshichev O, Janzhura A, Stauning P(eds). J Geophys Res 112:A07204. doi:10.1029/2006JA011950
Lukianova R, Troshichev OA, Lu G (2002) The polar cap magnetic activity indices in the southern (PCS) and northern (PCN) polar cap: Consistency and discrepancy. Geophys Res Lett 29:1879. doi:10.1029/2002GL015179
Lyatsky W, Lyatskaya S, Tan A (2007) A coupling function for solar wind effect on geomagnetic activity. Geophys Res Lett 34:L02107. doi:10.1029/2006GL027666
Lyatskaya S, Lyatsky W, Khazanov GV (2008) Relationship between substorm activity and magnetic disturbances in two polar caps. Geophys Res Lett 35:L20104. doi:10.1029/2008GL035187
Mansurov SM (1969) New evidence of a relationship between magnetic fields in space and on Earth. Geomagn Aeron 9:622
Mareschal M, Menvielle M (1986) On the use of K indices to define maximum external contributions to Magsat data at midlatitudes. Phys Earth Planet Inter 43:799–204
Maus S, McLean S, Dater D, Lühr H, Rother M, Mai W, Choi S (2005) NGDC/GFZ candidate models for the 10th generation International Geomagnetic Reference Field. Earth Planets Space 57:1151–1156
Mayaud, PN (1967) Atlas des indices K, IAGA Bull. 21, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Paris
Mayaud PN (1968) Indices Kn, Ks, Km, 1964–1967, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 156p
Mayaud PN (1971) Une mesure planétaire d’activité magnétique basée sur deux observatoires antipodaux. Ann Geophys 27:67
Mayaud PN (1973) A hundred year series of geomagnetic data, 1868–1967: indices aa, storm sudden commencements, IUGG Publication Office, Paris, 256p
Mayaud PN (1976) Analyse d’une série centenaire d’indices d’activité magnétique, III, la distribution de fréquence est-elle logarithmo-normale ? Ann Geophys 32:443
Mayaud PN (1978) Morphology of the transient irregular variations of the terrestrial magnetic field, and their main statistical laws. Ann Geophys 34:243
Mayaud PN (1980) Derivation, meaning, and use of geomagnetic indices, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol 22. AGU, Washington, DC
Mayaud PN, Menvielle M (1980) A report on Km observatories visit, in IAGA Bull. 32i, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Publication Office, Paris, p 113
McCreadie H, Menvielle M (2010) The PC Index: Review of methods. Ann Geophys (in press)
McCreadie H, Menvielle M, Barton C (2010) A guide to geomagnetic indices derived from Earth surface data. Ann Geophys submitted.
McIntosh DH (1959) On the annual variation of magnetic disturbance. Phil Trans R Soc London A 251:525
McPherron RL (1995) Magnetospheric dynamics, In: Kivelson MG, Russel CT (eds) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA pp 400–458
Menvielle M. (1979) A possible geophysical meaning of K indices. Ann Géophys 35:189–196
Menvielle M (1991) Evaluation of aigorithms for computer production of K indices. Geophys Trans 36:313–320
Menvielle M (2003) On the possibility to monitor the planetary activity with a time resolution better than 3 hours, In: Loubser L (ed) Proceedings of the Xth IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Instruments Data Acquisition and Processing, HMO publication, pp 246–250
Menvielle M, Berthelier A (1991) The K-derived planetary indices: description and availability. Rev Geophys Space Phys Hermanus, Republic of South Africa 29:415–432; erratum: 30:91 1992
Menvielle M, Marchaudon A (2007) Geomagnetic indices. In: Lilensten J (ed) Solar-Terrestrial Physics and Space Weather, Space Weather, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands pp 277–288
Menvielle M, Paris J (2001) The aλ longitude sector geomagnetic indices. Contrib Geophys Geod 31:315–322
Menvielle M, Clarke E, Thomson A (2010) The aa data series revisited: the Abinger to Hartland normalization, XIVth Workshop on Geomagnetic Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing, Changchun, China, Oral communication
Menvielle M, Papitashvili NE, Häkkinen L, Sucksdorff C (1995) Computer production of K indices: review and comparison of methods. Geophys J Int 123:866–886
Menvielle M, Rossignol J-C, Tarits P (1982) The coast effect in terms of deviated electric currents: a numerical study. Phys Earth Planet Inter 28:118–128
Müller S, Lühr H, Rentz S (2009) Solar and magnetospheric forcing of the low latitude thermospheric mass density as observed by CHAMP. Ann Geophys 27:2087–2099
Nakabe S, Iyemori T, Sugiura M, Slavin JA (1997) A statistical study of the Magnetic field structure in the inner magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 102:17571–17582
Nakano S, Iyemori T (2003) Local-time distribution of net field-aligned currents derived from high-altitude satellite data. J Geophys Res 108(A8):1314. doi:10.1029/2002JA009519
Nakano S, Iyemori T (2005) Storm-time field-aligned currents on the nightside inferred from ground-based magnetic data at midlatitudes: Relationships with the interplanetary magnetic field and substorms. J Geopys Res 110:A07216. doi:10.1029/2004JA010737
Nevanlinna H, Ketola A, Häkiinen L, Viljanen A, Ivory K (1993) Geomagnetic activity during solar cycle 9 (1844–1856). Geophys Res Lett 20:743–746
Niblett ER, Loomer EI, Coles RL, Jansen G Van Beek (1984) Derivation of K indices using magnetograms constmcted from digital data. Geophys Surv 6:431
Nosé M, Iyemori T, Takeda M, Toh H, Ookawa T, Cifuentes G-Nava, Matzka J, Love JJ, McCreadie H, MK, Tunçer, Curto JJ (2009) New substorm index derived from high-resolution geomagnetic field data at low latitude and its comparison with AE and ASY indices, In: Love JJ (ed) Proceedings of XIIIth IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory Instruments, Data Acquisition, and Processing, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1226, pp 202–207
Østgaard N, Vondrak RR, Gjerloev JW, Germany G (2002) A relation between the energy deposition by electron precipitation and geomagnetic indices during substorms. J Geophys Res 107:1246. doi:10.1029/2001JA002003
Olbert S, Siscoe GL, Vasyliunas VM (1968) A simple derivation of the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation. J Geophys Res 73:1115–1116
Ouattara F, Amory-Mazaudier C, Menvielle M, Simon P, Legrand J-P (2009) On the long term change in the geomagnetic activity during the 20th century. Ann Geophys 27:2045–2051
Papitashvili VO, Gromova LI, Popov VA, Rasmussen O (2001) Northern Polar Cap magnetic activity index PCN: Effective area, universal time and solar cycle variations, Scientific Report 01-01, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 57 pp
Perreault P, Akasofu S-I (1978) A study of geomagnetic storms. Geophys J R Astr Soc 54:547–573
Pilipenko V, Kleimenova N, Kozyreva O, Engebretson M, Rasmussen O (2001) Global ULF wave activity during the May 15, 1997 magnetic storm. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 63:489
Rangarajan GK (1989) Indices of geoma-gnetic activity, in Geomagnetism, edited by Jacobs JA, Academic, San Diego, California, p 323
Richardson G, Cliver EW, Cane HV (2000) Sources of geomagnetic activity over the solar cycle: Relative importance of coronal mass ejections, high-speed streams, and slow solar wind. J Geophys Res 105:18203–18213
Rostoker G. (1972) Geomagnetic indices. Rev Geophys Space Phys 10:935–950
Russell CT, McPherron RL (1973) Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 78:92
Sabine E (1856) On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances. Phil Trans R Soc London A, 146:357
Sckopke N (1966) A general relation between the energy of trapped particles and the disturbance field near the Earth. J Geophys Res 71:3125–3130
Shue J-H, Kamide Y (2001) Effects of solar wind density on auroral electrojets. Geophys Res Lett 28:2181–2184
Siscoe GL (1970) The virial theorem applied to magnetospheric dynamics. J Geophys Res 75:5340–5350
Stauning P (2007) A new index for the interplanetary merging electric field and geomagnetic activity: Application of the unified polar cap indices. Space Weather 5:S09001. doi:10.1029/2007SW000311
Stauning P, Troshichev OA (2008a) Polar cap convection and PC index during sudden changes in solar wind dynamic pressure. J Geophys Res 113:A08227. doi:10.1029/2007JA012783
Stauning P, Troshichev OA, Janzhura, AS: Polar Cap (PC) Index. Unified PC-N (North) index procedures and quality, Scientific Report 06–04, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006
Stauning P, Troshichev OA, Janzhura A (2008b) The Polar Cap (PC) indices: Relations to solar wind parameters and global magnetic activity. J Atmos Terr Phys 70:2246–2261
Sucksdorff C, Pirjola R, Hàkkinen L (1991) Computer production of K-values based on linear elimination. Geophys Trans 36:333–345
Sugiura M. (1964) Hourly values of equatorial Dst for the IGY., Annals of International Geophysics Year, vol 35, Chapter 9. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Sugiura M. (1973) Quiet time magneto-spheric field depression at 2.3–3.6 RE. J Geophys Res 78:3182
Sugiura M, Chapman S (1960) The average morphology of geomagnetic storms with sudden commencement, Abandl. Akad. Wiss. Getingen Math. Phys. Kl., Sondernheft Nr.4, Götingen
Sugiura M, Hendricks S (1967) Provisional hourly values of equatorial Dst for 1961, 1962 and 1963, NASA Tech. note D-4047
Sugiura M, Kamei T (1991) Equatorial Dst index 1957–1986, IAGA Bulletin No. 40
Sugiura M, Poros DJ (1973) A magnetospheric field model incorporating the OGO-3 and -5 magnetic field observations. Planet Space Sci 21:1763
Suzuki A, Fukushima N (1984) Anti-sunward current below the MAGSAT level during magnetic storms. J Geomagnetics Geoelectrics 36:493–506
Svalgaard L (1968) Sector Structure of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Daily Variation of the Geomagnetic Field at High Latitudes, Geophysical papers R-6, Danish Meteorogical Institute
Svalgaard L (1977) Geomagnetic activity: Dependence on solar wind parameters, In: Zirker JB (ed) Skylab workshop monograph on coronal holes, Chapter 9. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, p 371
Svalgaard L, Cliver EW (2005) The IDV index: its derivation and use in inferring long-term variations of the interplanetary magnetic field strength. J Geophys Res 110:A12103. doi:10.1029/2005JA011203
Svalgaard L, Cliver EW (2007) Interhourly variability index of geomagnetic activity and its use in deriving the long-term variation of solar wind speed. J Geophys Res 112:A10111. doi:10.1029/2007JA012437
Svalgaard L, Cliver EW, Le Sager P (2004) IHV: a new long-term geomagnetic index. Adv Space Res 34, 436–439.
Takahashi K, Meng C, Kamei T, Kikuchi T, Kunitake M (2004) Near-real-time Auroral Electrojet index: An international collaboration makes rapid delivery of Auroral Electrojet index. Space Weather 2:S11003. doi:10.1029/2004SW000116
Takalo J. Mursula K (2001) A model for the diurnal universal time variation of the Dst index. J Geophys Res 106:10905–10921
Takeda M (1999) Time variation of geomagnetic Sq field in 1964 and 1980. JASTP 61:765–774
Thomson AWP, Lesur V (2007) An improved geomagnetic data selection algorithm for global geomagnetic field modeling. Geophys J Int 169:951–963. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03354
Troshichev OA, Andrezen VG (1985) The relationship between interplanetary quantities and magnetic activity in the southern polar cap. Planet Space Sci 33:415–419
Troshichev OA, Andrezen VG, Vennerstrøm S, Friis-Christensen E (1988) Magnetic activity in the polar cap: Anew index. Planet Space Sci 36:1095–1102
Troshichev OA, Dmitrieva NP, Kuznetsov BM (1979) Polar cap magnetic activity as a signature of substorm development. Planet Space Sci 27:217–221
Troshichev OA, Hayakawa H, Matsuoka A, Mukai T, Tsuruda K (1996) Cross polar cap diameter and voltage as a function of PC index and interplanetary quantities. J Geophys Res 101:13,429
Troshichev OA, Janzhura A, Stauning P (2006) Unified PCN and PCS indices: Method of calculation, physical sense, and dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components. J Geophys Res 111:A05208. doi:10.1029/2005JA011402
Troshichev OA, Janzhura A, Stauning P (2007a) Magnetic activity in the polar caps: Relation to sudden changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. J Geophys Res 112:A11202. doi:10.1029/2007JA012369
Troshichev OA, Janzhura A, Stauning P (2007b) Reply to Comment of Lukianova R, R. on paper In: Troshichev OA, Janzhura A, Stauning P (eds) The unified PCN and PCS indices: method of calculation, physical sense, dependence on the IMF azimuthal and northward components J Geophys Res 112:A07205. doi:10.1029/2006JA012029
Troshichev OA, Lukianova RY, Papitashivili VO, Rich FJ, Rasmussen O (2000) Polar cap index (PC) as a proxy for ionospheric electric field in the near-pole region. Geophys Res Lett 27:3809
Vennerstrøm S, Friis-Christensen E, Troshichev OA, Andrezen VG (1991) Comparison between the polar cap index, PC, and the auroral electrojet indices AE, AL, and AU. J Geophys Res 96:101
Vennerstrøm S, Friis-Christensen E, Troshichev OA, Andrezen VG (1994) Geomagnetic Polar Cap (PC) Index 1975–1993, Report UAG-103, WDC-A for STP, NGDC, Boulder. (Cited from Papitashvili et al. 2001)
Weigel RS (2007) Solar wind time history contribution to the day-of-year variation in geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 112:A10207. doi:10.1029/2007JA012324
Weygand JM, Zesta E (2008) Comparison of auroral electrojet indices in the northern and southern hemispheres. J Geophys Res 113:A08202. doi:10.1029/2008JA013055
Acknowledgements
The authors thank A.W.P. Thomson for his constructive review that helped us to improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Menvielle, M., Iyemori, T., Marchaudon, A., Nosé, M. (2011). Geomagnetic Indices. In: Mandea, M., Korte, M. (eds) Geomagnetic Observations and Models. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9858-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9858-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9857-3
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9858-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)