Abstract
This chapter uses the lens of place in comparative education, focusing on the significance of the diaspora, in particular knowledge diasporas. While the nation-state has been the traditional unit of analysis within comparative education, processes of globalisation mean that intellectual diasporas are unarguably becoming of greater significance. This change is all the more evident, in light of two key, and potentially contradictory, trends: first, the increasing mobility of knowledge workers, underpinned by developed-country migration schemes that target highly skilled migrants. A second related feature is the intensification of global communications technologies, which increasingly mean that such intellectual networks can be sustained without the need for (as much) geographical re-location.
Hestia… was regarded as the goddess of the state. In this character, her sanctuary was in the prytaneum, where the common hearth-fire round which the magistrates meet is ever burning, and where the sacred rites that sanctify the concord of city life are performed. From this fire, as the representative of the life of the city, intending colonists took the fire which was to be kindled on the hearth of the new colony.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
He Zhizhang (Tang dynasty poet), “Homecoming”, Rexroth (1970: 47).
- 3.
- 4.
See also Sklair (1991: 2–9) for the connection of the nation-state to strands of sociology and the argument that the global system takes us beyond the nation-state as unit of analysis.
- 5.
Above all, the rise of huge national powers influences the intellectual pattern of the period (Moehlman and Roucek 1951: 4).
- 6.
See in this era, Cramer and Browne1956.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
Originally a television documentary, the subsequent book is Kitty2005.
- 10.
See Hollingsworth et al. (2008:412–413). For more on the 211 and 985 projects, see Lang and Zha (2004: 339–354) and Welch (2006). Singapore has already recruited the US stem cell research groups and Australian bio-science research teams to well-funded and staffed specialist research institutes. Taiwanese graduates grew from an annual 10,000 in 1961 to 200,000 in 1996, 40% of whom were in Engineering, according to Saxenian (2006).
- 11.
Although in 1947, a convention to protect migrant workers was passed at the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and in 1990, the UN passed an International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and their Families, in practice neither has been followed particularly rigorously.
- 12.
The significance of the ritual can be seen in Paris’s account: “… when the Persians laid siege to Athens and extinguished the sacred fire, the Athenians, after defeating them, sent for fire at the Great Temple of Hestia at Delphi, to re-kindle the fire of their own city” (Paris 1986:168). See also Varvaressos (1999), especially section III: “Kolonisten nahmen von dem heiligen Feuer der Mutterstadt in die zu gründende neue Stadt mit” and Frazer (1885).
- 13.
Australia introduced a skilled migration programme in 1984; it has been broadly followed since by Canada, New Zealand and several other OECD countries. Partly as a result, as much as 90% of skilled migration is to OECD countries. See Docquier and Marfouk (2006: 154).
- 14.
For rates of skill among Chinese immigrants, see Hugo 2005, and for analysis of Chinese-born academics in Australian universities, see Welch and Zhang “Zhongguo de zhishi liusan – haiwai zhongguo zhishi fenzijian de jiaoliu wangluo”. Comparative Education Review [Beijing] 26, 12: 26–31 (in Chinese) and Welch and Zhang 2008. A significant proportion of applicants for Permanent Residence (the first step to Australian citizenship) now stem from the ranks of international students. Chinese students alone occupy 20% of this category (Welch 2007: 179).
- 15.
The christening of such diasporic figures as “foreign monks” (fan-seng) in Taiwan symbolised their importance Saxenian (2006: 141).
- 16.
The worldwide diaspora is estimated at 180 million, with the Chinese diaspora alone accounting for some 35 million.
- 17.
Other World Bank reports give a much higher figure – International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain cites a figure of US $216 billion for 2004 (World Bank 2006a:17), with US $150 billion going to developing countries.
- 18.
However, if debt relief is included, then OECD estimates ODA at US $106.5 billion in 2005 (OECD 2006: 9).
- 19.
Notoriously difficult to estimate precisely, if informal flows are also taken into account, total remittances may be as much as 50% higher.
- 20.
For China totals, see World Bank (2006: 90) and for Vietnam see, New York Times, April 27, 2006. For positive educational effects, see Yang and Martinez (2006: 112–115). For examples of overseas investment in third world higher education, see, inter alia, Welch 2005.
- 21.
- 22.
Home, itself, of course, was not even an agreed concept, as with Brecht, who as did the largest group of emigre German intellectuals, went to the socialist German Democratic Republic, rather than the capitalist Federal Republic of Germany. See Krohn (1987: 3).
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Welch, A.R. (2010). Nation-State, Diaspora and Comparative Education: The Place of Place in Comparative Education. In: Mattheou, D. (eds) Changing Educational Landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8534-4_16
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