The stratospheric models used to predict changes in the ozone due to changes in the atmospheric composition and climate have developed from the one-dimensional models of the 1970s to the three-dimensional models in use today. Observations have played an obvious key role in model development, as they lead to the development and refinement of the conceptual model that underlies the computational model used in prediction. Observations also played another role. For example, a model failure to produce observed correlations between long-lived constituents in the lower stratosphere first led to an improvement in the numerical scheme transport algorithm and then inspired changes in the approach used to solve the equations of motion in a general circulation model. This led to improvements in several aspects of the simulation, including realistic propagation of the tape recorder signature in the tropical water vapor and a realistic distribution for lower stratospheric age-of-air.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, D. J., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., & Guthrie, P. D. (1991). Application of a mono-tonic upstream-biased transport scheme to three-dimensional constituent transport calculations, Monthly Weather Review, 119, 2456–2464.
Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Schneider, H. R., Loewenstein, M., & Podolske, J. R. (1996). Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Science, 274(5291), 1340–1343.
Cunnold, D., Alyea, F., Phillips, N., & Prinn, R. (1975). A three-dimensional dynamical-chemical model of atmospheric ozone. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 32, 170–194.
Douglass, A. R., Prather, M. J., Hall, T. M., Strahan, S. E., Rasch, P. J., Sparling, L. C., et al. (1999). Choosing meteorological input for the Global Modeling Initiative assessment of high-speed aircraft. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 27,545–47,564.
Douglass, A. R., Schoeberl, M. R., & Rood, R. B. (2003). Evaluation of transport in the lower tropical stratosphere in a global chemistry and transport model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4259, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002696.
Douglass, A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Schoeberl, M. R., Jackman, C. H., Gupta, M. L., Newman, P. A., et al. (2008). The relationship of loss, mean age of air and the distribution of CFCs to stratospheric circulation and implications for atmospheric lifetimes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: D14, D14309.
Dunkerton, T. (1978). Mean meridional mass motions of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 35, 2325–2333.
Eyring, V., et al. (2005). A strategy for process-oriented validation of coupled chemistry-climate models. Bulletin of the American Society, 86.
Eyring, V., et al. (2006). Assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in chemistry climate model simulations of the recent past. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D22308.
Erying, V., et al. (2007). Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D16303.
Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G., & Shanklin, J. D. (1985). Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 315, 207–210.
Fahey, et al. (1993). In situ measurement constraining the role of sulfate aerosols in midlatitude ozone depletion. Nature, 363, 509–514.
Gille, J. C., & Russell, J. M. (1984). The limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere — experiment description, performance and results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 5125–5140.
Hall, T. M., Waugh, D. W., Boering, K. A., & Plumb, R. A. (1999). Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 18815–18839.
Kawa et al. (1993). Interpretation of NOx/NOy observations from AASE-II using a model of chemistry along trajectories. Geophysical Research Letters, 20, 2507–2510.
Krueger, A. J., & Minzer, R. (1973). A proposed mid-latitude ozone model for the U. S. standard Atmosphere, X-651–73–72. Berkeley, CA: Goddard Space Flight Center.
Jackman, C. H., Newman, P. A., Guthrie, P. D., & Schoeberl, M. R. (1988). Effect of computed horizontal diffusion coefficients on two-dimensional N2O model distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 5213–5219.
Lin, S. J., & Rood, R. B. (1996). Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes. Monthly Weather Review, 124, 2046–2070.
Lin, S. J., & Rood, R. B. (1997). A finite-volume integration scheme for computing pressure-gradient forces in general vertical coordinates. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 123, 1749–1762.
Molina, M. J., & Rowland, F. S. (1974). Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes — chlorine atomic-catalyzed destruction of ozone. Nature, 249, 810–812.
Mote, P. W., Rosenlof, K. H., McIntyre, M. E., Carr, E. S., Gille, J. C., Holton, J. R., et al. (1996). An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 83989–4006.
Park, J. H., Ko, M. K. W., Jackman, C. H., Plumb, R. A., Kaye, J. A., & Sage, K. H., eds., (1999). Models and Measurements Intercomparison II, NASA/TM-199-209554.
Prather, M. P., & Remsberg, E. E. (Eds.). (1993). The atmospheric effects of stratospheric aircraft: Report of the 1992 Models and Measurements Workshop, NASA Reference Publication 1292.
Rood, R. B., Allen, D. J., Baker, W. E., Lamich, D. J., & Kaye, J. A. (1989). The use of assimilated stratospheric data in constituent transport calculations. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 46, 687–701.
Rood, R. B., Douglass, A. R., Kaye, J. A., Geller, M. A., Allen, D. J., Larson, E. M., et al. (1991). 3-dimensional simulations of wintertime ozone variability in the lower stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 5055–5071.
Sander, S. P., et al. (2006). Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies, Eval. No. 15, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publ. 06–2.
Schmeltekopf, A. L., et al. (1977). Stratospheric nitrous-oxide altitude profiles at various altitudes. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 34, 729–736.
Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L. R., Newman, P. A., & Rosenfield, J. E. (1992). The structure of the polar vortex. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 7859–7882.
Stolarski, R. S., Bloomfield, P., McPeters, R. D., Herman, J. R. (1991). Total ozone trends deduced from Nimbus-7 TOMS data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1015–1018.
van Leer, B. (1974). Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme II: monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme, Journal of Computational Physics, 14, 361–370.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1994). Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1994, Rep. 37, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2007). Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, Rep. 50, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Douglass, A.R. (2009). Global Observations—The Key to Model Development and Improved Assessments. In: Zerefos, C., Contopoulos, G., Skalkeas, G. (eds) Twenty Years of Ozone Decline. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2469-5_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2469-5_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-2468-8
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-2469-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)