Abstract
The main aims of surgery for oesophageal cancer resection are to prolong survival, achieve long-term cure and minimise the chances of locoregional disease recurrence. The primary tumour and surrounding tissues including the relevant lymphatic drainage fields are therefore removed during oesophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Limited lymphadenectomy is defined as the removal of peritumoural lymph nodes immediately adjacent to the resected part of the oesophagus or stomach. This chapter discusses the effects of the extent of lymphadenectomy on staging, locoregional disease recurrence and long-term survival. It gives additional consideration to lymphadenectomy in the context of mucosal disease. The chapter also highlights some of the problems with definitions in published literature and the non-standardised processing of specimens.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Griffin SM, Raimes SA (2009) Oesophagogastric surgery, 4th edn. Saunders/Elsevier, Edinburgh, pp 91–115
Orringer MB, Marshall B, Chang AC, Lee J, Pickens A, Lau CL (2007) Two thousand transhiatal esophagectomies: changing trends, lessons learned. Ann Surg 246:363–372
Alderson D, Courtney SP, Kennedy RH (1994) Radical transhiatal oesophagectomy under direct vision. Br J Surg 81:404–407
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A (2009) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York, pp 103–115
Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Rusch VW (2010) 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Ann Surg Oncol 17:1721–1724
Hulscher JB, Van Sandick JW, Offerhaus GJ, Tilanus HW, Obertop H, Van Lanschot JJ (2001) Prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield of extended en bloc resection for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia. Br J Surg 88:715–719
Lagarde SM, Cense HA, Hulscher JB, Tilanus HW, Ten Kate FJ, Obertop H et al (2005) Prospective analysis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and lymph node metastasis in the proximal field of the chest. Br J Surg 92:1404–1408
Rizk N, Venkatraman E, Park B, Flores R, Bains MS, Rusch V (2006) The prognostic importance of the number of involved lymph nodes in esophageal cancer: implications for revisions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132:1374–1381
Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, Kajiyama Y (1994) Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg 220:364–372
Altorki N, Kent M, Ferrara C, Port J (2002) Three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg 236:177–183
Siewert JR, Fink U, Beckurts KT, Roder JD (1994) Surgery of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Oncol 5(Suppl 3):1–7
Mariette C, Piessen G, Briez N, Triboulet JP (2008) The number of metastatic lymph nodes and the ratio between metastatic and examined lymph nodes are independent prognostic factors in esophageal cancer regardless of neoadjuvant chemoradiation or lymphadenectomy extent. Ann Surg 247:365–371
Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, Tijssen JG, Obertop H, van Lanschot JJ (2000) The recurrence pattern of esophageal carcinoma after transhiatal resection. J Am Coll Surg 191:143–148
Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG, Wijnhoven BP, Tijssen JG, Fockens P et al (2002) Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 347:1662–1669
Omloo JM, Lagarde SM, Hulscher JB, Reitsma JB, Fockens P, van Dekken H et al (2007) Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 246:992–1000
Dresner SM, Griffin SM (2000) Pattern of recurrence following radical oesophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 87:1426–1433
Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Peters JH, Chandrasoma P, DeMeester TR (2001) Curative resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma: analysis of 100 en bloc esophagectomies. Ann Surg 234:520–530
Goldminc M, Maddern G, Le Prise E, Meunier B, Campion JP, Launois B (1993) Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg 80:367–370
Chu KM, Law SY, Fok M, Wong J (1997) A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and Âtransthoracic resection for lower-third esophageal Âcarcinoma. Am J Surg 174:320–324
Omloo JM, Law SY, Launois B, Le Prise E, Wong J, van Berge Henegouwen MI et al (2009) Short and long-term advantages of transhiatal and transthoracic oesophageal cancer resection. Eur J Surg Oncol 35:793–797
Peyre CG, Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Van Lanschot JJ, Holscher A, Griffin SM et al (2008) Predicting systemic disease in patients with esophageal cancer after esophagectomy: a multinational study on the significance of the number of involved lymph nodes. Ann Surg 248:979–985
Peyre CG, Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Altorki NK, Ancona E, Griffin SM et al (2008) The number of lymph nodes removed predicts survival in esophageal cancer: an international study on the impact of extent of surgical resection. Ann Surg 248:549–556
Rizk NP, Ishwaran H, Rice TW, Chen LQ, Schipper PH, Kesler KA et al (2010) Optimum lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg 251:46–50
Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, DeFor TE, Li ZZ, Tuttle TM et al (2010) Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma: data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139:612–620
Altorki NK, Zhou XK, Stiles B, Port JL, Paul S, Lee PC et al (2008) Total number of resected lymph nodes predicts survival in esophageal cancer. Ann Surg 248:221–226
Lerut T, De Leyn P, Coosemans W, Van Raemdonck D, Scheys I, LeSaffre E (1992) Surgical strategies in esophageal carcinoma with emphasis on radical lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 216:583–590
Junginger T, Gockel I, Heckhoff S (2006) A comparison of transhiatal and transthoracic resections on the prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Eur J Surg Oncol 32:749–755
Horstmann O, Verreet PR, Becker H, Ohmann C, Roher HD (1995) Transhiatal oesophagectomy compared with transthoracic resection and systematic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg 161:557–567
Morgan MA, Lewis WG, Hopper AN, Escofet X, Havard TJ, Brewster AE et al (2007) Prospective comparison of transthoracic versus transhiatal esophagectomy following neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 20:225–231
Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachimori Y, Iizuka T (1991) Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 51:931–935
Altorki NK, Skinner DB (1997) Occult cervical nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer: preliminary results of three-field lymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113:540–544
Griffin SM, Burt AD, Jennings NA (2011) Lymph node metastasis in early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 254:731–736
Barbour AP, Jones M, Brown I, Gotley DC, Martin I, Thomas J et al (2010) Risk stratification for early esophageal adenocarcinoma: analysis of lymphatic spread and prognostic factors. Ann Surg Oncol 17:2494–2502
Stein HJ, Hutter J, Feith M, von Rahden BH (2007) Limited surgical resection and jejunal interposition for early adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 19:72–78
Lamb PJ, Griffin SM, Burt AD, Lloyd J, Karat D, Hayes N (2005) Sentinel node biopsy to evaluate the metastatic dissemination of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 92:60–67
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Griffin, S.M., Wahed, S. (2012). Limited Versus Extended Lymphadenectomy. In: Bonavina, L. (eds) Innovation in Esophageal Surgery. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2469-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2469-4_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-2468-7
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-2469-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)