Skip to main content

Imaging of Faecal Incontinence with Endoanal Ultrasound

  • Chapter
Fecal Incontinence
  • 1127 Accesses

Abstract

Endoanal ultrasound (EUS) was introduced 20 years ago by urologists to evaluate the prostate. Later, EUS was extended to other specialists-; first to stage rectal tumors, and next to investigate benign disorders of the anal sphincters and pelvic floor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Parks AG, Swash M, Urich H (1977) Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse. Gut 18:656–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Snooks SJ, Swash M, Setchell M, Henry MM (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 2(8402):546–550

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN et al (1993) Analsphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. New Engl J Med 329:1905–1911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kamm MA (1994) Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 344:730–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD (2003) Metaanalysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 90:1333–1337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zetterstrom J, Lopez A, Holmstrom B et al (2003) Obstetric sphincter tears and anal incontinence: an observational follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82:921–928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R et al (2000) Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 43:590–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Benifla JL, Abramowitz L, Sobhani I et al (2000) Postpartum sphincter rupture and anal incontinence: prospective study with 259 patients. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 28:15–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Felt-Bersma RJ, Koorevaar M, Strijers RL, Cuesta MA (1995) Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 38:249–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI (1994) Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1031–1033

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Farouk R, Drew P, Duthie G et al (1996) Disruption of the internal anal sphincter can occur after transanal stapling. Br J Surg 83:1400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Silvis R, van Eekelen JW, Delemarre JB, Gooszen HG (1995) Endosonography of the anal sphincter after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Relation with anal manometry and fecal continence. Dis Colon Rectum 38:383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI (1997) Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Lancet 349:612–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion O et al (2000) Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography predict fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 95:643–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Faridi A, Willis S, Schelzig P et al (2002) Anal sphincter injury during vaginal delivery — an argument for cesarean section on request? J Perinat Med 30:379–387

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eckardt VF, Jung B, Fischer B, Lierse W et al (1994) Anal endosonography in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 37:235–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Law PJ, Bartram CI (1989) Anal endosonography. Technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol 14:349–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF, Hauge C et al (1991) Endosonography of the anal sphincter: Findings in healthy volunteers. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157:1199–1202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tjandra JJ, Milsom JW, Stolfi VM et al (1992) Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 35:465–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Rasmussen OO et al (1992) Anal sphincter size measured by endosonography in healthy volunteers. Effect of age, sex and parity. Acta Radiol 33:453–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Burnett SJ, Bartram CI (1991) Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. Int J Colorect Dis 6:2–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sultan AH, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA et al (1993) Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy. Br J Surg 80:508–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN et al (1994) Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry. Clin Radiol 49:368–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Papachrysostomou M, Pye SD, Wild SR, Smith AN (1993) Anal endosonography in asymptomatic subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol 28:551–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gerdes B, Kohler HH, Zielke A et al (1997) The anatomical basis of anal endosonography-a study in postmortem specimens. Surg Endoscopy 11:986–990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SGM (1997) Normal values and reproducibility of anal endosonographic measurements. Eur J Ultrasound 6:103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Papachrysostomou M, Pye SD, Wild SR, Smith AN (1994) Significance of the thickness of the anal sphincters with age and its relevance in faecal incontinence. Scand J Gastroenterol 29:710–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF (1996) Changes in the anal sphincter with age. An endosonographic study. Acta Radiol 37:357–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schafer R, Heyer T, Gantke B et al (1997) Anal endosonography and manometry: comparison in patients with defecation problems. Dis Colon Rectum 40:293–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gantke B, Schafer A, Enck P, Lubke HJ (1993) Sonographic, manometric, and myographic evaluation of the anal sphincters morphology and function. Dis Colon Rectum 36:1037–1041

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Emblem R, Dhaenens G, Stien R et al (1994) The importance of anal endosonography in the evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 37:42–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Klosterhalfen B, Offner F, Topf N et al (1990) Sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter-A process of aging. Dis Colon Rectum 33:606–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SGM (1999) Anal endosonography in haemorroidal disease: do anatomical changes have clinical implications? Colorectal Dis 1:146–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ et al (1994) Pathology, pathophysiology and aetiology. Br J Surg 81:946–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lunniss PJ, Phillips R (1992) Anatomy and function of the anal longitudinal muscle. Br J Surg 79:882–884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SGM (1998) Vaginal endosonography of the anal sphincter complex is important in the diagnosis of faecal incontinence and perianal sepsis. Br J Surg 85:359–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (1999) Three-dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury. Br J Surg 86:365–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. West RL, Felt-Bersma RJ, Hansen BE et al (2005) Volume measurements of the anal sphincter complex in healthy controls and fecal-incontinent patients with a three-dimensional reconstruction of endoanal ultrasonography images. Dis Colon Rectum 48:540–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gregory WT, Boyles SH, Simmons K et al (2006) External anal sphincter volume measurements using 3-dimensional endoanal ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1243–1248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. West RL, Dwarkasing S, Briel JW et al (2005) Can three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography detect external anal sphincter atrophy? A comparison with endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Colorectal Dis 20:328–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cazemier M, Terra MP, Stoker J et al (2006) Atrophy and defects detection of the external anal sphincter: comparison between three-dimensional anal endosonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 49:20–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Christensen AF, Nyhuus B, Nielsen MB, Christensen H (2005) Three-dimensional anal endosonography may improve diagnostic confidence of detecting damage to the anal sphincter complex. Br J Radiol 78:308–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bartram CI (2003) Ultrasound. In: Bartram CI, deLancy JOL (eds) Imaging pelvic floor disorders. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  44. Williams AB, Cheetham MJ, Bartram CI et al (2000) Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three-dimensional anal endosonography. Br J Surg 87:1674–1679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kumar A, Scholefield JH (2000) Endosonography of the anal canal and rectum. World J Surg 24:208–115. Review

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rociu E, Stoker J, Zwamborn AW, Lameris JS (1999) Endoanal MR imaging of the anal sphincter in fecal incontinence. Radiographics S171–177

    Google Scholar 

  47. Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Zala GF, Buchmann P (1996) Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery. Endoscopy 28:217–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC et al (1994) Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 81:463–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Romano G, Rotondano G, Esposito P et al (1996) External anal sphincter defects: correlation between pre-operative anal endosonography and intraoperative findings. Br J Radiol 69:6–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Burnett SJ, Speakman CT, Kamm MA, Bartram CI (1991) Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping. Br J Surg 78:448–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG et al (1993) Anal sphincter defects: Correlation between endoanal ultra-sound and surgery. Ann Surg 218:201–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tjandra JJ, Milsom JW, Schroeder T, Fazio VW (1993) Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincteric defects. Dis Colon Rectum 36:689–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SGM (1997) Normal values and reproducibility of anal endosonographic measurements. Eur J Ultrasound 6:103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Falk PM, Blatchford GJ, Cali RL et al (1994) Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 37:468–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Pinta TM, Kylanpaa ML, Salmi TK et al (2004) Primary sphincter repair: are the results of the operation good enough? Dis Colon Rectum 47:18–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Fritsch H, Brenner E, Lienemann A, Ludwikowski B (2002) Anal sphincter complex: reinterpreted morphology and its clinical relevance. Dis Colon Rectum 45:188–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI (1990) A comparison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects. Dis Colon Rectum 33:370–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Enck P, von GHJ, Schafer A et al (1996) Comparison of anal sonography with conventional needle electromyography in the evaluation of anal sphincter defects. Am J Gastroenterol 91:2539–2543

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Koorevaar M (1996) Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image. A prospective clinical study. Dis Colon Rectum 39:878–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Voyvodic F, Rieger NA, Skinner S et al (2003) Endosonographic imaging of anal sphincter injury: does the size of the tear correlate with the degree of dysfunction? Dis Colon Rectum 46:735–741

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Felt-Bersma RJ (2004) Comment on Voyvodic et al (2003) Endosonographic imaging of anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum 47(4):546–547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Felt-Bersma RJ, van Baren R, Koorevaar M et al (1995) Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 38:249–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Felt-Bersma RJ, Sloots CE, Poen AC et al (2000) Rectal compliance as a routine measurement: extreme volumes have direct clinical impact and normal volumes exclude rectum as a problem. Dis Colon Rectum 43:1732–1738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Riccard R, Melgren AF, Madoff RD et al (2006) The utility of pudendal nerve terminal latencies in idiopathic incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 49(6):852–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Speakman CT, Burnett SJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI (1991) Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography. Br J Surg 78:1429–1430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Khubchandani IT, Reed JF (1989) Sequelae of internal sphincterotomy for chronic fissure in ano. Br J Surg 76:431–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tjandra JJ, Han WR, Ooi BS et al (2001) Faecal incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy is often associated with coexisting occult sphincter defects: a study using endoanal ultrasonography. ANZ J Surg 71:598–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI (1994) Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum 37(10):1031–1033

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kennedy HL, Zegarra JP (1990) Fistulotomy without external sphincter division for high anal fistulae. Br J Surg 77:898–901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Farouk R, Bartolo DC (1994) The use of endoluminal ultrasound in the assessment of patients with faecal incontinence. J R Coll Surg Edinb 39:312–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Talbot IC (1994) Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence. Gut 35:857–859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Daniel F, De Parades V, Cellier C (2005) Abnormal appearance of the internal anal sphincter at ultra-sound: a specific feature of progressive systemic sclerosis? Gastroenterol Clin Biol 29:597–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Handa VL, Danielsen BH, Gilbert WM (2001) Obstetric anal sphincter lacerations. Obstet Gynecol 98:225–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. de Parades V, Etienney I, Thabut D et al (2004) Anal sphincter injury after forceps delivery: myth or reality? A prospective ultrasound study of 93 females. Dis Colon Rectum 47:24–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee SJ, Park JW (2000) Follow-up evaluation of the effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 43:1550–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Snooks SJ, Swash M, Mathers SE, Henry MM (1990) Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg 77:1358–1360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Martinez Hernandez Magro P, Villanueva Saenz E, Jaime Zavala M et al (2003) Endoanal sonography in assessment of fecal incontinence following obstetric trauma. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:616–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG et al (1993) The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective endosonic study. Gut 34:685–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (2001) Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using threedimensional endosonography. Obstet Gynecol 97:770–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Donnelly V, Fynes M, Campbell D et al (1998) Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage. Obstet Gynecol 92:955–961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Strijers RL et al (1998) Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg 85:1433–1438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Eijsbouts QA et al (1998) Hydrogen-peroxide-enhanced transanal ultrasound in the assessment of fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1147–1152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Tankova L, Draganov V, Damyanov N (2001) Endosonography for assessment of anorectal changes in patients with fecal incontinence. Eur J Ultrasound 12:221–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Malouf AJ, Williams AB, Halligan S et al (2000) Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal MR imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:741–745

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Malouf AJ, Halligan S, Williams AB et al (2001) Prospective assessment of interobserver agreement for endoanal MRI in fecal Incontinence. Abdom Imaging 26:76–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pinta T, Kylanpaa ML, Luukkonen P et al (2004) Anal incontinence: diagnosis by endoanal US or endovaginal MRI. Eur Radiol 14:1472–1477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (2002) Endosonographic anatomy of the normal anal canal compared with endocoil magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 45:176–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJ, Lameris JS (2000) Normal anal sphincter anatomy and age-and sex-related variations at high-spatial-resolution endoanal MR imaging. Radiology 217:395–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Beets-Tan RG, Morren GL, Beets GL et al (2001) Measurement of anal sphincter muscles: endoanal US, endoanal MR imaging, or phased-array MR imaging? A study with healthy volunteers. Radiology 220:81–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Jones NM, Humphreys MS, Goodman TR et al (2003) The value of anal endosonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging following the repair of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Radiol 33:183–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Briel JW, Zimmerman DD, Stoker J et al (2000) Relationship between sphincter morphology on endoanal MRI and histopathological aspects of the external anal sphincter. Int J Colorectal Dis 15:87–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Terra MP, Deutekom M, Beets-Tan RG et al (2006) Relationship between external anal sphincter atrophy at endoanal magnetic resonance imaging and clinical, functional, and anatomic characteristics in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 49:668–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Felt-Bersma R, Gort G, Meuwissen S (1991) Normal values in anal manometry and rectal sensation: A problem of range. Hepato Gastroenterol 38:444–449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Burnett SJ, Spence Jones C, Speakman CT et al (1991) Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Radiol 64: 225–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Koorevaar M et al (1992) Anal endosonography: Relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests. Dis Colon Rectum 35:944–949

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC et al (1994) Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 81:463–465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J (1993) Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence: Findings and influence on surgical management. AJR Am J Roentgen ol 160:771–775

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Rieger NA, Sweeney JL, Hoffmann DC et al (1996) Investigation of fecal incontinence with endoanal ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum 39:860–864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hill K, Fanning S, Fennerty MB, Faigel DO (2006) Endoanal ultrasound compared to anorectal manometry for the evaluation of fecal incontinence: a study of the effect these tests have on clinical outcome. Dig Dis Sci 51:235–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Barthet M, Bellon P, Abou E et al (2002) Anal endosonography for assessment of anal incontinence with a linear probe: relationships with clinical and manometric features. Int J Colorectal Dis 17:123–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Koorevaar M (1996) Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image. A prospective clinical study. Dis Colon Rectum 39:878–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nielsen MB, Dammegaard L, Pedersen JF (1994) Endosonographic assessment of the anal sphincter after surgical reconstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 37:434–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SGM (1998) Third degree perineal rupture: long term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg 85:1433–1438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sitzler PJ, Thomson JP (1996) Overlap repair of damaged anal sphincter. A single surgeon’s series. Dis Colon Rectum 39:1356–1360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AHet al (1994) Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. BrJ Surg 81:1231–1234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ternent CA, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ et al (1997) Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 40:462–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Starck M, Bohe M, Valentin L (2006) The extent of endosonographic anal sphincter defects after primary repair of obstetric sphincter tears increases over time and is related to anal incontinence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27:188–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Allgayer H, Dietrich CF, Rohde W et al (2005) Prospective comparison of short-and long-term effects of pelvic floor exercise/biofeedback training in patients with fecal incontinence after surgery plus irradiation versus surgery alone for colorectal cancer: clinical, functional and endoscopic/endosonographic findings. Scand J Gastroenterol 40:1168–1175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Norderval S, Oian P, Revhaug A, Vonen B (2005) Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: outcome of anatomic primary repairs. Dis Colon Rectum 48:1055–1061

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Giordano P, Renzi A, Efron J et al (2002) Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair. Dis Colon Rectum 45:635–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Savoye-Collet C, Savoye G, Koning E et al (1999) Anal endosonography after sphincter repair: specific patterns related to clinical outcome. Abdom Imaging 24:569–573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Felt-Bersma, R.J.F. (2007). Imaging of Faecal Incontinence with Endoanal Ultrasound. In: Ratto, C., Doglietto, G.B., Lowry, A.C., PÃ¥hlman, L., Romano, G. (eds) Fecal Incontinence. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0638-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0638-6_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0637-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0638-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics