Abstract
In this chapter, we argue that evaluating expectations directly produces more useful results than does sequentially testing traditional null hypotheses against catch-all rivals. To do this, a parametric bootstrap procedure for the evaluation of inequality constraints as described in Van de Schoot et al. (2010; see also Van de Schoot and Strohmeier 2011) can be used. How to test inequality constrained hypotheses is demonstrated using an example in which the underlying functions of aggressive behaviour in native and immigrant youth were investigated. The goal of this chapter is twofold (1) to introduce the methodology and (2) to re-analyse quantitative data of a real-life example to demonstrate the methodology and to validate the conclusions of the original paper. First, we will introduce our example, and after that, we elaborate on inequality constrained hypothesis in structural equation modelling.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bandura A (1983) Psychological mechanisms of aggression. In: Green RG, Donnerstein EI (eds) Aggression: theoretical and empirical views, vol 1. Academic, New York, NY, pp 1–40
Berkowitz L (1989) Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychol Bull 106:59–73
Berry JW (1997) Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Appl Psychol Int Rev 46(1):5–68
Berry JW, Phinney JS, Sam DL, Vedder P (2006) Immigrant youth: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Appl Psychol Int Rev 55(3):303–332
Card NA, Little TD (2006) Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. Int J Behav Dev 30(5):466–480
Cohen J (1990) Things I have learned (so far). Am Psychol 45:1304–1312
Cohen J (1994) The earth is round (p <.05). Am Psychol 49:997–1003
Dekovic M, Wissink I, Meijer AM (2004) The role of family and peer relations in adolescent antisocial behaviour: comparison of four ethnic groups. J Adolesc 27:497–514
Efron B, Tibshirani RJ (1993) An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, New York
Fandrem H, Strohmeier D, Roland E (2009) Bullying and victimization among Norwegian and immigrant adolescents in Norway: the role of proactive and reactive aggressiveness. J Early Adolesc 29(6):898–923
Fite PJ, Stauffacher K, Ostrov JM, Colder CR (2008) Replication and extension of Little et al. ’s (2003) forms and functions of aggression measure. Int J Behav Dev 32(3):238–242
Galindo-Garre F, Vermunt J (2004) The order-restricted association model: two estimation algorithms and issues in testing. Psychometrika 69:641–654
Galindo-Garre F, Vermunt J (2005) Testing log-linear models with inequality constraints: a comparison of asymptotic, bootstrap, and posterior predictive p-values. Stat Neerl 59:82–94
Gradinger P, Strohmeier D, Stefanek E, Spiel C (2008) Socio-cultural adaptation in immigrant adolescents living in Austria: a study on bullying others and its underlying functions. Paper presented at the symposium “Immigrant youth: processes of adaptation and mal-adaptation in four receiving countries” (Organizers: Titzmann and Strohmeier) at the 12th Biennial meeting of the SRA (Society for Research on Adolescence) in Chicago, IL, 5–9 Mar 2008
Hoijtink H, Huntjes R, Reijntjes A, Kuiper R, Boelen P (2008a) An evaluation of Bayesian inequality constrained analysis of variance. In: Hoijtink H, Klugkist I, Boelen PA (eds) Bayesian evaluation of informative hypothesis. Springer, New York NY
Hoijtink H, Klugkist I, Boelen PA (2008b) Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses. Springer, New York, NY
Kammers M, Mulder J, De Vignemont F, Dijkerman H (2010) The weight of representing the body: addressing the potentially indefinite number of body representations in healthy individuals. Exp Brain Res 204:333–342
Lee MD, Pope KJ (2006) Model selection for the rate problem: a comparison of significance testing, Bayesian, and minimum description length statistical inference. J Math Psychol 50:193–202
Lee MD, Wagenmakers E-J (2005) Bayesian statistical inference in psychology: comment on Trafimow (2003). Psychol Rev 112:662–668
Little TD, Jones SM, Henrich CC, Hawley PH (2003) Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behavior. Int J Behav Dev 27:122–133
Meeus W, Van de Schoot R, Keijsers L, Schwartz SJ, Branje S (2010) On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation. A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Dev 81(5):1565–1581
Mulder J, Klugkist I, Van de Schoot R, Meeus W, Selfhout M, Hoijtink H (2009) Bayesian model selection of informative hypotheses for repeated measurements. J Math Psychol 53:530–546
Mulder J, Hoijtink H, Klugkist I (2010) Equality and inequality constrained multivariate linear models: objective model selection using constrained posterior priors. J Stat Plan Inference 4:887–906
Muthén LK, Muthén BO (2007) Mplus: statistical analysis with latent variables: user’s guide. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA
Ritov Y, Gilula Z (1993) Analysis of contingency tables by correspondence models subject to order constraints. J Am Stat Assoc 88:1380–1387
Schoenberg S (1997) Constrained maximum likelihood. Comput Econ 10:251–266
Silvapulle MJ, Sen PK (2004) Constrained statistical inference: order, inequality, and shape constraints. Wiley, London
Spiel C, Strohmeier D, Fandrem H, Stefanek E (2009) Acceptance by friends as underlying function of aggressive behaviour in immigrant adolescents. Paper presented at the 2009 Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD), Denver, USA
Stoel RD, Galindo-Garre F, Dolan C, Van den Wittenboer G (2006) On the likelihood ratio test in structural equation modeling when parameters are subject to boundary constraints. Psychol Methods 4:439–455
Strohmeier D, Fandrem H, Stefanek E, Spiel C (2011) Acceptance by friends as underlying function of aggressive behaviour in immigrant adolescents. Scand J Psychol 53:80–88, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00910.x
Tsonaka R, Moustaki I (2007) Parameter constraints in generalized linear latent variable models. Comput Stat Data Anal 51:4164–4177
Van de Schoot R (2010) Informative hypotheses: how to move beyond classical null hypothesis testing. Doctoral dissertation
Van de Schoot R, Strohmeier D (2011) Testing informative hypotheses in SEM increases power: an illustration contrasting classical hypothesis testing with a parametric bootstrap approach. Int J Behav Dev 35:180
Van de Schoot R, Wong T (2011) Do antisocial young adults have a high or a low level of self-concept? Self Identity [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.517713
Van de Schoot R, Hoijtink H, Doosje S (2009) Rechtstreeks verwachtingen evalueren of de nul hypothese toetsen? nul hypothese toetsing versus Bayesiaanse model selectie. [Directly evaluating expectations or testing the null hypothesis: Null hypothesis testing versus Bayesian model selection.]. De Psycholoog 4:196–203
Van de Schoot R, Hoijtink H, Deković M (2010) Testing inequality constrained hypotheses in SEM models. Struct Equ Model 17:443–463
Van de Schoot R, Hoijtink H, Romeijn J-W (2011a). Moving beyond traditional null hypothesis testing: evaluating expectations directly. Front Psychol 2:24, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00024
Van de Schoot R, Hoijtink H, Mulder J, Van Aken MAG, Orobio de Castro B, Meeus W, Romeijn J-W (2011b) Evaluating expectations about negative emotional states of aggressive boys using Bayesian model selection. Dev Psychol 47(1):203–212
Van Well S, Kolk AM, Klugkist I (2009) The relationship between sex, gender role identification, and the gender relevance of a stressor on physiological and subjective stress responses: sex and gender (mis)match effects. Int J Psychophysiol 32:427–449
Veenstra R, Lindenberg S, Zijlstra BJH, De Winter AF, Verhulst FC, Ormel J (2007) The dyadic nature of bullying and victimization: testing a dual-perspective theory. Child Dev 78(6):1843–1854
Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Barker ED (2006) Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: a developmental perspective. Int J Behav Dev 30(1):12–19
Wagenmakers E-J, Lodewyckx T, Kuriyal H, Grasman R (2010) Bayesian hypothesis testing for psychologists: a tutorial on the Savage–Dickey method. Cogn Psychol 60:158–189
Wainer H (1999) One cheer for null hypothesis significance testing. Psychol Methods 4:212–213
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
de Schoot, R.V., Strohmeier, D. (2012). Aggressive Behaviour in Native, First- and Second-Generation Immigrant Youth: Testing Inequality Constrained Hypotheses. In: Messer, M., Schroeder, R., Wodak, R. (eds) Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0950-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0949-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-0950-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)