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Extracellular Matrix in Development pp 163–186Cite as

ECM in Hydra Development and Regeneration

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Part of the book series: Biology of Extracellular Matrix ((BEM))

Abstract

The body wall of Hydra is organized by two layers of epithelia (ectoderm and endoderm) with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM), termed mesoglea by early biologists. Morphological studies have determined that Hydra ECM is composed of two basal lamina layers located underneath each epithelial cell layer and a centrally located intervening interstitial matrix. Molecular and biochemical analyses of Hydra ECM have established that it contains components similar to those seen in more complicated vertebrate species. These components include laminin, type IV collagen, and various fibrillar collagens. Hydra ECM components are synthesized in a complicated manner involving cross talk between the epithelial layers. Any perturbation to ECM biogenesis leads to a blockage in Hydra morphogenesis. Blockage in ECM–cell interactions in the adult polyp also leads to problems in epithelial transdifferentiation processes. In terms of biophysical features, Hydra ECM is highly flexible, a property that facilitates continuous movements along the organism’s longitudinal and radial axis. This is in contrast to the more rigid matrices found in vertebrates. The flexible nature of Hydra ECM can in part be explained by the unique structure of the organism’s type IV collagen and fibrillar collagens. This chapter focuses on (1) the general structure of Hydra ECM, (2) its molecular composition, (3) the biogenesis of Hydra ECM during regeneration, (4) Hydra ECM in development, (5) cell–ECM interaction in Hydra, and (6) Hydra ECM remodeling during development.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their appreciations to the National Institutes of Health, USA (DK092721), for funds that supported the preparation and writing of this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA

    Xiaoming Zhang

  2. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA

    Michael P. Sarras Jr

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Correspondence to Xiaoming Zhang .

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  1. School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Jeanette Lancaster Way 200, Charlottesville, 22903, Virginia, USA

    Douglas W. DeSimone

  2. School of Medicine, Dept. Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, South Euclid Avenue 660, St. Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA

    Robert P. Mecham

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Zhang, X., Sarras, M.P. (2013). ECM in Hydra Development and Regeneration. In: DeSimone, D., Mecham, R. (eds) Extracellular Matrix in Development. Biology of Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35935-4_7

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