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The Prokaryotes pp 213–240Cite as

Diversity and Biotechnological Applications of Prokaryotic Enzymes

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Abstract

The global enzyme market was estimated at US $5 billion in 2009. Taking into consideration the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6 % for the next 5 years, this market is expected to reach US $7 billion by 2015. Enzymes have been used in a wide range of applications in the fuel, pharmaceutical, brewing, food, animal feed, bioremediation, detergent, paper, and textile industries. The industrial sector is under continuous pressure to use more environmentally friendly processes and to find new methods to make products more competitive. Consequently, microbial enzymes are increasingly replacing conventional chemical catalysts in a range of industrial processes. Microbial enzymes present some advantages when compared to enzymes sourced from plants and animals which may be seasonal. There is a reliable supply of raw material to make microbial enzymes whenever necessary, and their production in bioreactors is easily controlled and predictable; excreted microbial enzymes are more robust in comparison to the intracellular animal and plant enzymes, and the microbial genetic diversity is a source of biocatalysts with a wide specificity range. This chapter is a review of the important prokaryotic enzyme families used in present-day biotechnology. A comprehensive survey on lipases, amylases, transglutaminases, cellulases, peroxidases, and peptidases, including keratinases, is presented. This chapter also focuses on the types of catalyzed reactions, the mechanisms of enzyme actions, and the main producing microorganisms, as well the contribution of molecular biology for enzyme production.

Despite the promising performance of newly studied enzymes in the laboratory, their application in the industrial milieu might fail due to their lack of robustness. However, as anaerobic, extremophilic, and marine bacteria might be a source of enzymes with superior chances of success in biotechnological processes, a great deal of laboratory effort has been concentrated on their production and characterization. Furthermore, the design of novel enzymes as well as molecular approaches such as enzyme evolution and metagenomic approaches can be used to identify and develop novel biocatalysts from uncultured bacteria—a treasure of unknown proteins.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the technical assistance of Ms. Denise da Rocha de Souza, supported by fellowships from MCT/CNPq. Research supported by CAPES, FAPERJ, MCT/CNPq, and Conselho de Ensino para Graduados e Pesquisas (CEPG/UFRJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Microbial Peptidases, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biotechonology center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Alane Beatriz Vermelho

  2. Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Brazil

    Eliane Ferreira Noronha & Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho

  3. Medicines and Drugs Technology Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Maria Antonieta Ferrara

  4. Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Elba Pinto S. Bon

Authors
  1. Alane Beatriz Vermelho
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  2. Eliane Ferreira Noronha
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  3. Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho
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  4. Maria Antonieta Ferrara
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  5. Elba Pinto S. Bon
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alane Beatriz Vermelho .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  4. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  5. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Vermelho, A.B., Noronha, E.F., Filho, E.X.F., Ferrara, M.A., Bon, E.P.S. (2013). Diversity and Biotechnological Applications of Prokaryotic Enzymes. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31331-8_112

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