Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

White-Handed Gibbons of Khao Yai: Social Flexibility, Complex Reproductive Strategies, and a Slow Life History

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Long-Term Field Studies of Primates

Abstract

Long-term field research on wild animals is essential for understanding life history and social systems of long-lived organisms like primates. Gibbons (family Hylobatidae) live surprisingly slow lives, given their relatively small body mass. Following an approximately 7-year-long juvenile period, one of the longest among all primates, Khao Yai white-handed gibbon females begin reproducing at an average age of 10.5±1.2 years. This is much later than in monkeys of at least the same body mass and, remarkably, at about the same age as in mountain gorillas. Our long-term research also revealed remarkable social flexibility analogous to that seen in other apes. At Khao Yai, white-handed gibbons form pairs or small two-male/one-female reproductive units, although individuals may temporarily also live in single-male/multi-female groups, and here we report a novel, semi-solitary life stage of two older males for the first time. Mating patterns also turned out to be flexible, with males and females mating polygamously, including extra-pair copulations and regular polyandrous mating of females living in multi-male groups. We have also found that in accordance with this variability in male–female socio-sexual bonds, female gibbons at Khao Yai show cyclical sexual swellings that advertise the probability of ovulation without allowing males to exactly pinpoint the day of ovulation. After decades of research, we have come to recognize more clearly the importance of the gibbon community and feel confident that we understand the basic social and mating systems of the Khao Yai white-handed gibbon population, but we also continue to discover new details of the evolutionary forces that shape gibbons complex social life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albers HJ, Grinspoon E (1997) A comparison of the enforcement of access restrictions between Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve (China) and Khao Yai National Park (Thailand). Environ Conserv 24:351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altmann J (1990) Primate males go where the females are. Anim Behav 39:193–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asensio N, Brockelman WY, Malaivijitnond S, Reichard UH (2011) Gibbon travel paths are goal oriented. Anim Cogn 14:395–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barelli C, Heistermann M (2009) Monitoring female reproductive status in white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) using fecal hormone analysis and patterns of genital skin swellings. In: Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (eds) The gibbons: new perspectives on small ape socioecology and population biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 313–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Barelli C, Heistermann M, Boesch C, Reichard UH (2007) Sexual swellings in wild white-handed gibbon females (Hylobates lar) indicate the probability of ovulation. Horm Behav 51:221–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barelli C, Boesch C, Heistermann M, Reichard UH (2008a) Female white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) lead group movements and have priority of access to food resources. Behaviour 145:965–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barelli C, Heistermann M, Boesch C, Reichard UH (2008b) Mating patterns and sexual swellings in pair-living and multimale groups of wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar. Anim Behav 75:991–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett TQ (2009a) The gibbons of Khao Yai: seasonal variation in behavior and ecology. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett TQ (2009b) Seasonal home range use and defendability in white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yia National Park, Thailand. In: Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (eds) The gibbons: new perspectives on small ape socioecology and population biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 265–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Boesch C, Boesch-Achermann H (2000) The chimpanzees of the Taï forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Boonpragob K, Homchantara N, Coppins BJ, McCarthy PM, Wolseley PA (1998) An introduction to the lichen flora of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Bot J Scotland 50:209–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockelman WY (2009) Ecology and the social system of gibbons. In: Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (eds) The gibbons: new perspectives on small ape socioecology and population biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 211–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockelman WY, Reichard U, Treesucon U, Raemaekers JJ (1998) Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42:329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brockman DK, van Schaik CP (2005) Seasonality and reproductive function. In: Brockman DK, van Schaik CP (eds) Seasonality in primates: studies of living and extinct human and non-human primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 269–306

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie JF, Helmy OE, Brockelman WY, Maron JL (2009) Bushmeat poaching reduces the seed dispersal and population growth rate of a mammal-dispersed tree. Ecol Appl 19:854–863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan JC, Alberts SC, Silk JB, Altmann J (2003) True paternal care in a multi-male primate society. Nature 425:179–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caro TM, Sellen DW, Parish A, Frank R, Brown DM, Voland E, Borgerhoff Mulder M (1995) Termination of reproduction in nonhuman and human female primates. Int J Primatol 16:205–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter ML, Pontzer H, Wrangham RW, Peterhans JK (2008) Skeletal pathology in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am J Phys Anthropol 135:389–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ (2006) Sexual swellings of female gibbons. Folia Primatol 77:345–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1976) Evolutionary rules and primates societies. In: Bateson PPG, Hinde RA (eds) Growing points in ethology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 195–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Cords M, Chowdhury S (2010) Life history of Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Int J Primatol 31:433–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deschner T, Heistermann M, Hodges K, Boesch C (2004) Female sexual swelling size, timing of ovulation, and male behavior in wild West African chimpanzees. Horm Behav 46:204–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Link A, Campbell CJ (2011) The Atelines: behavioral and socioecological diversity in a New World radiation. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 155–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixson AF (1998) Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes and human beings. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt A, Hodges JK, Niemitz C, Heistermann M (2005) Female sexual behavior, but not sex skin swelling, reliably indicates the timing of the fertile phase in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Horm Behav 47:195–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes A (2000) Hylobatid communities: changing views on pair bonding and social organization in hominoids. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 43:33–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürtbauer I, Schülke O, Heistermann M, Ostner J (2010) Reproductive and life history parameters of wild female Macaca assamensis. Int J Primatol 31:501–517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gale GA, Round PD, Pierce AJ, Nimnuan S, Pattanavibool A, Brockelman WY (2009) A field test of distance sampling methods for a tropical forest bird community. Auk 126:439–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldizen AW (2003) Social monogamy and its variations in callitrichids: do these relate to the costs of infant care? In: Reichard UH, Boesch C (eds) Monogamy: mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 232–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. Belknap, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Grassman LI Jr, Tewes ME, Silvy NJ, Kreetiyutanont K (2005) Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in north-central Thailand. J Mammal 86:29–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith SC, Owens IPF, Thuman KA (2002) Extra-pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function. Mol Ecol 11:2195–2212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WJ III (1984) Significance of paternal investment by primates to the evolution of adult male-female associations. In: Taub DM (ed) Primate paternalism. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 309–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy SB (1979) Infanticide among animals: a review, classification, and examination of the implications for the reproductive strategies of females. Ethol Sociobiol 1:13–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy SB (1981) The women that never evolved. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy SB, Whitten PL (1987) Patterning of sexual activity. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 370–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu MY, Lin JF, Agoramoorthy G (2006) Effects of group size on birth rate, infant mortality and social interactions in Formosan macaques at Mt Longevity, Taiwan. Ethol Ecol Evol 18:3–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen A, Meilby H (2010) Returns from harvesting a commercial non-timer forest product and particular characteristics of harvesters and their strategies: Aquilaria crassna and Agarwood in Lao PDR. Econ Bot 64:34–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura S, Yumoto T, Poonswad P, Noma N, Chuailua P, Plongmai K, Maruhashi T, Suckasam C (2004) Pattern and impact of hornbill seed dispersal at nest trees in a moist evergreen forest in Thailand. J Trop Ecol 20:545–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura S, Suzuki S, Yumoto T, Chuailua P, Plongmai K, Poonswad P, Noma N, Maruhashi T, Suckasam C (2005) A botanical inventory of a tropical seasonal forest in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand: implications for fruit-frugivore interactions. Biodiv Conserv 14:1241–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura S, Yumoto T, Noma N, Chuailua P, Maruhashi T, Wohandee P, Poonswad P (2008) Aggregated seed dispersal by wreathed hornbills at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand. Ecol Res 23:943–952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lappan S (2007a) Social relationships among males in multimale siamang groups. Int J Primatol 28:369–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lappan S (2007b) Patterns of dispersal in Sumatran siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus): preliminary mtDNA evidence suggests more frequent male than female dispersal to adjacent groups. Am J Primatol 69:692–698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (2009) The gibbons: new perspectives on small ape socioecology and population biology. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynam AJ, Round PD, Brockelman WY (2006) Status of birds and large mammals in Thailand’s Dong Phayayen - Khao Yai Forest Complex. Biodiversity Research and Training (BRT) Program and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone NM, Oktavinalis H (2006) The socioecology of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Cagar Alam Leuweung Sanchang (CALS), West Java, Indonesia. Am J Phys Anthropol 129(suppl 42):124

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone NM, White FJ (2008) The socioecology of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch): tests of competing hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 135(suppl 46):148

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovice LR, Heesen M, Di Fiore A, Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL (2009) Paternity alone does not predict long-term investment in juveniles by male baboons. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63:1471–1482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munshi-South J (2007) Extra-pair paternity and the evolution of testis size in a behaviorally monogamous tropical mammal, the large treeshrew (Tupaia tana). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler RD, Dahl JF, Collins DC (1993) Serum and urinary concentrations of sex hormones and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of the gibbon. J Endocrinol 136:447–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa N, Ohsawa H, Muroyama Y (2003) Life-history parameters of a wild group of West African patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas patas). Primates 44:281–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunn CL (1999) The evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates and the graded-signal hypothesis. Anim Behav 58:229–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto K, Matsumura S, Watanabe K (2000) Life history and demography of wild moor macaques (Macaca maurus): summary of 10 years of observations. Am J Primatol 52:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pagel M (1994) The evolution of conspicuous oestrous advertisement in Old World monkeys. Anim Behav 27:1333–1341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palombit RA (1994a) Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: implications regarding monogamous social systems. Behaviour 128:65–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palombit RA (1994b) Extra-pair copulations in a monogamous ape. Anim Behav 47:721–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palombit RA, Cheney DL, Fischer J, Johnson S, Rendall D, Seyfarth RM, Silk JB (2000) Male infanticide and defense of infants in chacma baboons. In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH (eds) Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 123–152

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Perry S, Manson JH (2008) Manipulative monkeys: the capuchins of Lomas Barbudal. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Raemaekers JJ, Raemaekers PM (1985) Field playback of loud calls to gibbons (Hylobates lar): territorial, sex-specific and species-specific responses. Anim Behav 33:481–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raemaekers JJ, Raemaekers PM, Haimoff EH (1984) Loud calls of the gibbon (Hylobates lar): repertoire, organisation and context. Behaviour 91:146–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH (1991) Zum Sozialverhalten einer Gruppe freilebender Weiβhandgibbons (Hylobates lar). MSc thesis, Göttingen University, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH (1995) Extra-pair copulation in a monogamous gibbon (Hylobates lar). Ethology 100:99–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH (1998) Sleeping sites, sleeping places, and presleep behavior of gibbons (Hylobates lar). Am J Primatol 46:35–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH (2003) Social monogamy in gibbons: the male perspective. In: Reichard UH, Boesch C (eds) Monogamy: mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 190–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH (2009) Social organization and mating system of Khao Yai white-handed gibbons, 1992–2006. In: Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (eds) The gibbons: new perspectives on small ape socioecology and population biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 347–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH, Barelli C (2008) Life history and reproductive strategies of Khao Yai Hylobates lar: implications for social evolution in apes. Int J Primatol 29:823–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard UH, Sommer V (1997) Group encounters in wild gibbons (Hylobates lar): agonism, affiliation, and the concept of infanticide. Behaviour 134:1135–1174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins MM, Bermejo M, Cipolletta C, Magliocca F, Parnell RJ, Stokes E (2004) Social structure and life-history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Am J Primatol 64:145–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross C (2004) Life histories and the evolution of large brain size in great apes. In: Russon A, Begun DR (eds) The evolution of thought: evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 122–139

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Round PD, Gale GA (2008) Changes in the status of Lophura pheasants in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand: a response to warming climate? Biotropica 40:225–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhrattna N, Rajagopalan B, Kumar KK, Clark M (2005) Internannual and interdecadal variability of Thailand summer monsoon season. J Climate 18:1697–1708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small MF (1989) Female choice in nonhuman primates. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 32:103–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smitinand T (1977) Plants of Khao Yai National Park. New Thammada Press Ltd., Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Smitinand T (1989) Thailand. In: Campbell DG, Hammond HD (eds) Floristic inventory of tropical countries: the status of plant systematic, collections, and vegetation, plus recommendations for the future. The New York Botanical Gardens, New York, pp 63–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer V, Reichard U (2000) Rethinking monogamy: the gibbon case. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males: causes and consequences of variation in group composition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 159–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Strier KB, Dib LT, Figueira JEC (2002) Social dynamics of male muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus). Behaviour 139:315–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strier KB, Boubli JP, Possamai CB, Mendes SL (2006) Population demography of northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural-Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Am J Phys Anthropol 130:227–237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangtam N (1992) Khao Yai ecosystem: the hydrological role of Khao Yai National Park. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Development, AIT/Bangkok and Khao Yai National Park, Bangkok, Thailand, 22–26 April 1991. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, pp 345–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Treesucon U (1984) Social development of young gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. MSc thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk MA, van Schaik CP (2000) Reproductive patterns in eutherian mammals: adaptations against infanticide? In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH (eds) Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 322–360

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik CP, Hörstermann M (1994) Predation risk and the number of adult males in a primate group: a comparative test. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:261–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik CP, van Noordwijk MA, Nunn CL (1999) Sex and social evolution in primates. In: Lee PC (ed) Comparative primate socioecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 204–240

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik CP, Hodges JK, Nunn CL (2000) Paternity confusion and the ovarian cycles of female primates. In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH (eds) Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 361–387

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Schaik CP, Preuschoft S, Watts DP (2004) Great ape social systems. In: Russon AE, Begun DR (eds) The evolution of thought: evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 190–209

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van Tienhoven A (1983) Reproductive physiology of vertebrates. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts DP (2002) Reciprocity and interchange in the social relationships of wild male chimpanzees. Behaviour 139:343–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells RS (1991) The role of long-term study in understanding the social structure of a bottle nose dolphin community. In: Pryor K, Norris KS (eds) Dolphin societies: discoveries and puzzles. University of Berkley Press, Berkley, pp 199–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Wich SA, Utami-Atmoko SS, Mitra Setia T, Rijksen HD, Schürmann C, van Hooff JARAM, van Schaik CP (2004) Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). J Hum Evol 47:385–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff JO, MacDonald DW (2004) Promiscuous females protect their offspring. Trends Ecol Evol 19:127–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright PC (1995) Demography and life history of free-ranging Propithecus diadema edwardsi in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Int J Primatol 16:835–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Brockelman WY, Allen MA (2008) Matrix analysis to evaluate sustainability: the tropical tree Aquilaria crassna, a heavily poached source of agarwood. Biol Conserv 141:1676–1686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinner DP, Nunn CL, van Schaik CP, Kappeler PM (2004) Sexual selection and exaggerated sexual swellings of female primates. In: Kappeler PM, van Schaik CP (eds) Sexual selection in primates: new and comparative perspectives. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 71–89

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Ulrich H. Reichard

  2. Khao Yai National Park, Bangkok, Thailand

    Manoch Ganpanakngan

  3. Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany & Tropical Biodiversity Section, Trento Science Museum, Trento, Italy

    Claudia Barelli

Authors
  1. Ulrich H. Reichard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manoch Ganpanakngan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Claudia Barelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ulrich H. Reichard .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. of Behavioral Ecology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, Göttingen, 37077, Germany

    Peter M. Kappeler

  2. Dept. Anthropology, Yale University, Sachem Street 10, New Haven, 06511, Connecticut, USA

    David P. Watts

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reichard, U.H., Ganpanakngan, M., Barelli, C. (2012). White-Handed Gibbons of Khao Yai: Social Flexibility, Complex Reproductive Strategies, and a Slow Life History. In: Kappeler, P., Watts, D. (eds) Long-Term Field Studies of Primates. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation