Abstract
We use a “resilience lens” to identify gaps in the understanding of capacity to transform social-ecological systems’ (SES) trajectories toward ecosystem stewardship and highlight some challenges that need to be addressed. We draw on the organizational evolution literature in combination with the latest insights on SES transformations to give a more detailed understanding of what constitute transformative capacity. Two case studies illustrate the possibilities and challenges. SES transformations require knowledge and skills that can link ecosystem and social system dynamics, and develop strategies to overcome barriers and enable institutional changes that foster transformations. We identify some criteria that seem important for developing a framework for analyzing transformations and assessing transformative capacity in social-ecological systems. These criteria include experimentation and innovation, agency and social networks, opportunity context, diversity, boundaries, and collaboration.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Aldrich H (1999) Organizations evolving. Sage, London
Allison HE, Hobbs RJ (2004) Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the “lock-in trap” of the Western Australian agricultural region. Ecol Soc 9(1):3, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art3/
Armitage D, Marschke M, Plummer R (2008) Adaptive co-management and the paradox of learning. Glob Environ Change 18(1):86–98
Babcock EA, Pikitch EK (2004) Can we reach agreement on a standardized approach to ecosystem-based fishery management? Bull Mar Sci 74:685–692
Baumgartner FR, Jones BD (1991) Agenda dynamics and policy subsystems. J Polit 53(4):1044–1074
Berkes F, Folke C (eds) (1998) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (eds) (2003) Navigating social–ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Berkes F, Hughes TP, Steneck RS, Wilson JA, Bellwood DR, Crona B, Folke C, Gunderson LH, Leslie HM, Norberg J, Nyström M, Olsson P, Österblom H, Scheffer M, Worm B (2006) Globalization, roving bandits, and marine resources. Science 311:1557–1558
Burt R (1992) Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Carlsson L, Sandström A (2008) Network governance of the commons. Int J Commons 2:33–54
Carpenter SR, Folke C (2006) Ecology for transformation. Trends Ecol Evol 21:309–315
Carpenter SR, Gunderson LH (2001) Coping with collapse: ecological and social dynamics in ecosystem management. Bioscience 51(6):451–457
Cash DW, Adger W, Berkes F, Garden P, Lebel L, Olsson P, Pritchard L, Young O (2006) Scale and cross-scale dynamics: governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecol Soc 11(2):8, (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art8/
Chapin FS III, Carpenter SR, Kofinas GP, Folke C, Abel N, Clark WC, Olsson P, Stafford Smith DM, Walker B, Young OR, Berkes F, Biggs R, Grove JM, Naylor RL, Pinkerton E, Steffen W, Swanson FJ (2010) Ecosystem Stewardship: Sustainability Strategies for a Rapidly Changing Planet. Trends Ecol Evol 25:241–249
Costanza R et al (1998) Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science 281:198–199
Crowder LB et al (2006) Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance. Science 313:617–618
Cumming GS, Cumming DHM, Redman CL (2006) ‘Scale mismatches in social–ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions’. Ecol Soc 11(1):14, (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art14/
Cumming GS, Olsson P, Chapin FS III, Holling CS (in preparation) Coping with climate change: the urgent need for a learning agenda
Danter KJ, Griest DL, Mullins GW, Norland E (2000) Organizational change as a component of ecosystem management. Soc Nat Resour 13:537–547
Enfors EI, Gordon LJ, Peterson GD, Bossio D (2008) Making investments in dryland development work: participatory scenario planning in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania. Ecol Soc 13(2):42, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art42/
Ernstson H, Sörlin S, Elmqvist T. Social movements and ecosystem services – the role of social network structure in protecting and managing urban green areas in Stockholm. Ecol Soc 13(2):39, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art39/)
Fischer-Kowalski, Rotmans (2009) Conceptualizing, observing and influencing social ecological transitions. Ecol Soc 14(2):3, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art3/
Folke C, Colding J, Berkes F (2003) Synthesis: building resilience and adaptive capacity in social–ecological systems. In: Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (eds) Navigating social–ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 352–387
Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J (2005) Adaptive governance of social–ecological knowledge. Annu Rev Environ Resour 30:441–473
Folke C, Pritchard L, Berkes F, Colding J, Svedin U (2007) ‘The problem of fit between ecosystems and institutions: ten years later’. Ecol Soc 12(1):30, (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art30/
Galaz V, Olsson P, Hahn T, Folke C, Svedin U (2008) The problem of fit among biophysical systems, environmental and resource regimes, and broader governance systems: insights and emerging challenges. In: Young OR, King LA, Schröder H (eds) Institutions and environmental change – principal findings, applications, and research frontiers. The MIT, Cambridge, pp 147–182
Garner WB, Bird B, Starr J (1992) Act as if: differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behavior. Entrepren Theor Pract 16(3):13–32
Geels FW (2005) The dynamics of transitions in socio-technical systems: a multi-level analysis of the transition pathway from horse-drawn carriages to automobiles (1860–1930). Tech Anal Strat Manag 17(4):445–476
Geels FW, Schot J (2007) Typology of socio-technical transition pathways. Res Policy 36(3):399–417
Gelcich S, Olsson P, Castilla J, Hughes T, Folke C (in preparation) Governance transformation for the sustainable management of marine coastal social–ecological systems
Gordon LJ, Peterson GD, Bennett EM (2008) Agricultural modifications of hydrological flows create ecological surprises. Trends Ecol Evol 23(4):211–219
Granovetter M (1973) The strength of weak ties. Am J Soc 76:1360–1380
Gunderson LH (1999) Resilience, flexibility and adaptive management: antidotes for spurious certitude? Conserv Ecol 3(1):7, (online) URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss1/art7
Gunderson LH, Holling CS (eds) (2002) Panarchy: understanding transformations in social–ecological systems. Island, London
Gunderson LH, Holling CS, Light SS (eds) (1995) Barriers and bridges to renewal of ecosystems and institutions. Columbia University Press, New York
Gunderson L, Allen C, Holling CS (2009) Fundamentals of ecological resilience. Island, Washington
Hahn T, Olsson P, Folke C, Johansson K (2006) Trust-building, knowledge generation and organizational innovations: the role of a bridging organization for adaptive comanagement of a wetland landscape around Kristianstad, Sweden. Human Ecol 34:573–592
Hall PA, Taylor RCR (2006) Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Polit Stud 44:936–957
Hegmon M, Peeples MA, Kinzig A, Kulow S, Meegan CM, Nelson MC (2008) Social transformation and its human costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. Am Anthropol 110:313–324
Holling CS, Meffe GK (1996) Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conserv Biol 10(2):328–337
Holtz G, Brugnach M, Pahl-Wostl C (2008) Specifying “regime” – a framework for defining and describing regimes in transition research. Technol Forecasting Soc Change 75:623–643
Huitric M (2005) Lobster and conch fisheries of Belize: a history of sequential exploitation. Ecol Soc 10(1):21, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art21/
Imperial MT (1999) Institutional analysis and ecosystem-based management: the institutional analysis and development framework. Environ Manag 24:449–465
Kay A (2003) Path dependency and the CAP. J Eur Public Pol 10:405–420
Loorbach DA (2007) Transition management: new mode of governance for sustainable development. International Books, Utrecht
National Research Council (1999a) Sustaining marine fisheries. National Academy, Washington
National Research Council (1999b) Our common journey. National Academy, Washington
Norberg J, Cumming G (eds) (2008) Complexity theory for a sustainable future. Columbia University Press, New York
Olsson P, Folke C, Berkes F (2004a) Adaptive co-management for building social–ecological resilience. Environ Manag 34(1):75–90
Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T (2004b) ‘Social–ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden’. Ecol Soc 9(4):2, (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss4/art2
Olsson P, Gunderson LH, Carpenter SR, Ryan P, Lebel L, Folke C, Holling CS (2006) ‘Shooting the rapids: navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social–ecological systems’. Ecol Soc 11(1):18, (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art18/
Olsson P, Folke C, Galaz V, Hahn T, Schultz L (2007) Enhancing the fit through adaptive comanagement: creating and maintaining bridging functions for matching scales in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve Sweden. Ecol Soc 12(1):28, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art28/
Olsson P, Folke C, Hughes TP (2008) Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105:9489–9494
Ostrom E (1990) Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pahl-Wostl C (2009) A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Glob Environ Change 19:354–365
Pahl-Wostl C, Mostert E, Tàbara D (2008) ‘The growing importance of social learning in water resources management and sustainability science’. Ecol Soc 13(1):24, online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art24/(last visit November 2008
Peterson GD (2007) Using scenario planning to enable an adaptive co-management process in the northern highlands lake district of Wisconsin. In: Berkes F, Armitage D, Doubleday N (eds) Adaptive co-management: collaboration, learning, and multi-level governance. UBC, Vancouver, pp 289–307
Raskin P, Banuri T, Gallopín G, Gutman P, Hammond A, Kates R, Swart R (2002) Great transition – the promise and lure of the times ahead. Stockholm Environment Institute, Boston
Repetto R (ed) (2006) Punctuated equilibrium and the dynamics of U.S. environmental policy. Yale University Press, New Haven
Resilience Alliance and Santa Fe Institute (2004) Thresholds and alternate states in ecological and social–ecological systems, Resilience Alliance (online) URL: http://www.resalliance.org/index.php?id=183
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS 3rd, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sörlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P, Foley JA (2009) A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, 472–475
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413(6856):591–696
Schultz L, Folke C, Olsson P (2007) Enhancing ecosystem management through social–ecological inventories: lessons from Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden. Environ Conserv 34(2):140–152
True JL, Baumgartner FR, Bryan DJ (1999) Explaining stability and change in American policymaking: the punctuated equilibrium model. In: Sabatier P (ed) Theories of the policy process. Westview, Boulder, pp 97–115
United Nations Environment Programme (2007) Global environment outlook: environment for development, vol 4. Progress Press Ltd, Valletta
van den Brink M, Meijerink S (2005) Implementing policy innovations: resource dependence, struggle for discursive hegemony and institutional inertia in the Dutch river policy domain. Paper prepared for the ERSA Congress, Amsterdam 23–27, August 2005
Walker B, Barrett S, Polasky S, Galaz V, Folke C, Engström G, Ackerman F, Arrow K, Carpenter SR, Chopra K, Daily G, Ehrlich P, Hughes T, Kautsky N, Levin S, Mäler K-G, Shogren J, Vincent J, Xepapadeas T, de Zeeuw A (2009) Looming global-scale failures and missing institutions. Science 325:1345–1346
Walker BH, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2):5, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
Walker BH, Abel N, Anderies JM, Ryan P (2009b) Resilience, adaptability, and transformability in the Goulburn-broken catchment, Australia. Ecol Soc 14(1):12, [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art12/
Westley F (1995) Governing design: the management of social systems and ecosystems management. In: Gunderson LH, Holling CS, Light S (eds) Barriers and bridges to the renewal of ecosystems and institutions. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 391–427
Westley F (2002) The devil in the dynamics: adaptive management on the front lines. In: Gunderson LH, Holling CS (eds) Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island, Washington, pp 333–360
White L (2000) Changing the “whole system” in the public sector. J Org Change Manag 13:162–177
Young OR (2002) Institutional interplay: the environmental consequences of cross-scale interactions. In: Ostrom E, Dietz T, Dolsak N, Stern P, Stonich S, Weber EU (eds) The drama of the commons. National Academy, Washington, pp 265–291
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Olsson, P., Bodin, Ö., Folke, C. (2010). Building Transformative Capacity for Ecosystem Stewardship in Social–Ecological Systems. In: Armitage, D., Plummer, R. (eds) Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12194-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12194-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12193-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12194-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)