Abstract
As CMOS feature sizes venture deep into the nanometer regime, wearout mechanisms including negative-bias temperature instability and time-dependent dielectric breakdown can severely reduce processor operating lifetimes and performance. This paper presents an introspective reliability management system, Maestro, to tackle reliability challenges in future chip multiprocessors (CMPs) head-on. Unlike traditional approaches, Maestro relies on low-level sensors to monitor the CMP as it ages (introspection). Leveraging this real-time assessment of CMP health, runtime heuristics identify wearout-centric job assignments (management). By exploiting the complementary effects of the natural heterogeneity (due to process variation and wearout) that exists in CMPs and the diversity found in system workloads, Maestro composes job schedules that intelligently control the aging process. Monte Carlo experiments show that Maestro significantly enhances lifetime reliability through intelligent wear-leveling, increasing the expected service life of a population of 16-core CMPs by as much as 38% compared to a naive, round-robin scheduler. Furthermore, in the presence of process variation, Maestro’s wearout-centric scheduling outperformed both performance counter and temperature sensor based schedulers, achieving an order of magnitude more improvement in lifetime throughput – the amount of useful work done by a system prior to failure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alpha. 21364 family (2001), http://www.alphaprocessors.com/21364.htm
Andrzejak, A., Arlitt, M., Rolia, J.: Bounding the resource savings of utility computing models. HP Laboratories (December 2002), http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-339.html
Blome, J., Feng, S., Gupta, S., Mahlke, S.: Self-calibrating online wearout detection. In: Proc. of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pp. 109–120 (2007)
Borkar, S.: Designing reliable systems from unreliable components: The challenges of transistor variability and degradation. IEEE Micro 25(6), 10–16 (2005)
Brooks, D., Tiwari, V., Martonosi, M.: A framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations. In: Proc. of the 27th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2000, pp. 83–94 (2000)
Cabe, A., Qi, Z., Wooters, S., Blalock, T., Stan, M.: Small embeddable nbti sensors (sens) for tracking on-chip performance decay, Washington, DC, USA. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos (2009)
Choi, J., Cher, C., Franke, H., Haman, H., Wedger, A., Bose, P.: Thermal-aware task scheduling at the system software level. In: Proc. of the 2007 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, August 2007, pp. 213–218 (2007)
Chu, P.C., Beasley, J.E.: A genetic algorithm for the generalised assignment problem 24(1), 17–23 (1997)
Donald, J., Martonosi, M.: Techniques for multicore thermal management: Classification and new exploration. In: Proc. of the 33rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (June 2006)
Ernst, D., Das, S., Lee, S., Blaauw, D., Austin, T., Mudge, T., Kim, N.S., Flautner, K.: Razor: Circuit-level correction of timing errors for low-power operation. In: Proc. of the 37th Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pp. 10–20 (2004)
Feng, S., Gupta, S., Ansari, A., Mahlke, S.: Maestro: Orchestrating lifetime reliability in chip multiprocessors. Technical Report CSE-TR-557-09, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (November 2009), http://cccp.eecs.umich.edu/papers/CSE-TR-557-09.pdf
Feng, S., Gupta, S., Mahlke, S.: Olay: Combat the signs of aging with intropsective reliability management. In: Proc. of the Workshop on Architectural Reliability (June 2008)
Friedrich, J., et al.: Desing of the power6 microprocessor. In: Proc. of ISSCC (February 2007)
Gupta, S., Feng, S., Ansari, A., Blome, J., Mahlke, S.: The stagenet fabric for constructing resilient multicore systems. In: Proc. of the 41st Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, pp. 141–151 (2008)
Li, X., Huang, B., Qin, J., Zhang, X., Talmor, M., Gur, Z., Bernstein, J.B.: Deep submicron cmos integrated circuit reliability simulation with spice. In: Proc. of the 2005 International Symposium on Quality of Electronic Design, March 2005, pp. 382–389 (2005)
Lu, Z., Lach, J., Stan, M.R., Skadron, K.: Improved thermal management with reliability banking. IEEE Micro 25(6), 40–49 (2005)
Powell, M., Gomaa, M., Vijaykumar, T.: Heat-and-run: Leveraging smt and cmp to manage power density through the operating system. In: 12th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, October 2004, pp. 260–270 (2004)
Roberts, D., Dreslinski, R., Karl, E., Mudge, T., Sylvester, D., Blaauw, D.: When homogeneous becomes heterogeneous: Wearout aware task scheduling for streaming applications. In: Proc. of the Workshop on Operationg System Support for Heterogeneous Multicore Architectures (September 2007)
Sarangi, S., Greskamp, B., Teodorescu, R., Nakano, J., Tiwari, A., Torrellas, J.: Varius: A model of process variation and resulting timing errors for microarchitects. IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 3–13 (February 2008)
Skadron, K., Stan, M.R., Sankaranarayanan, K., Huang, W., Velusamy, S., Tarjan, D.: Temperature-aware microarchitecture: Modeling and implementation. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 1(1), 94–125 (2004)
Srinivasan, J., Adve, S.V., Bose, P., Rivers, J.A.: The case for lifetime reliability-aware microprocessors. In: Proc. of the 31st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2004, pp. 276–287 (2004)
Sylvester, D., Blaauw, D., Karl, E.: Elastic: An adaptive self-healing architecture for unpredictable silicon. IEEE Journal of Design and Test 23(6), 484–490 (2006)
Teodorescu, R., Torrellas, J.: Variation-aware application scheduling and power management for chip multiprocessors. In: Proc. of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2008, pp. 363–374 (2008)
Tiwari, A., Sarangi, S., Torrellas, J.: Recycle: Pipeline adaptation to tolerate process variation. In: Proc. of the 34th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 2007, pp. 323–334 (2007)
Tiwari, A., Torrellas, J.: Facelift: Hiding and slowing down aging in multicores. In: Proc. of the 41st Annual International Symposium on Microarchitecture, December 2008, pp. 129–140 (2008)
Winter, J., Albonesi, D.: Scheduling algorithms for unpredictably heterogeneous cmp architectures. In: Proc. of the 2008 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (June 2008) (to appear)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Feng, S., Gupta, S., Ansari, A., Mahlke, S. (2010). Maestro: Orchestrating Lifetime Reliability in Chip Multiprocessors. In: Patt, Y.N., Foglia, P., Duesterwald, E., Faraboschi, P., Martorell, X. (eds) High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers. HiPEAC 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5952. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11515-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11515-8_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-11514-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-11515-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)