Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photoluminescence: Science and Applications

  • Chapter
Carbon Nanotubes

Part of the book series: Topics in Applied Physics ((TAP,volume 111))

Abstract

In the past five years photoluminescence (PL) of SWNTs has gone from discoveryto one of the most actively researched areas, with broad impact on the basic scienceof SWNTs, as well as the promise of applications. The simplest free-carrier models ofperfect semiconducting SWNTs in vacuum predict that they have direct bandgapsand therefore should be efficient light absorbers and emitters. Experimentally,isolating SWNTs from environmental interactions proves crucial to observing thisstrong PL. The Coulomb interaction enhanced by one-dimensional confinementrequires that excitonic models be invoked to understand PL features. Preparedproperly, SWNTs are strong PL emitters, with good quantum yield, showingprincipal PL peaks with characteristic lineshapes and (n,m)-dependent emission andabsorption energies, as well as a rich absorption spectrum. PL has emerged as animportant characterization tool for determining (n,m) and (n,m) distributions,albeit with some limitations. Extrinsic factors, such as chemical environment,temperature, electric and magnetic field, or intrinsic factors, such as phonons, aremanifest in SWNT PL. Possible applications in sensing, biological markers, andoptoelectronics are beginning to emerge from current research in SWNT PL.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • M. J. O'Connell, S. M. Bachilo, C. B. Huffman, V. C. Moore, M. S. Strano, E. H. Haroz, K. L. Rialon, P. J. Boul, W. H. Noon, C. Kittrell, J. Ma, R. H. Hauge, R. B. Weisman, R. E. Smalley: Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science 297, 593 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Ajiki, T. Ando: Carbon nanotubes: Optical absorption in {A}haronov–{B}ohm flux, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 34-1, 107 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Ando: Excitons in carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, 1066 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Maniwa, I. Umezu, S. Suzuki, Y. Ohtsuka: Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Synth. Met. 103, 2555 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. Jost, A. A. Gorbunov, W. Pompe, T. Pichler, R. Friedlein, M. Knupfer, M. Reibold, H.-D. Bauer, L. Dunsch, M. S. Golden, J. Fink: Diameter grouping in bulk samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes from optical absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 2217 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hagen, T. Hertel: Quantitative analysis of optical spectra from individual single-wall carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 3, 383 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, Y. Homma, P. Finnie: Bright bandgap photoluminescence from unprocessed single walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 217401 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Kong, A. M. Cassel, H. Dai: Chemical vapor deposition of methane for single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 292, 567 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Homma, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ogino, T. Yamashita: Growth of suspended carbon nanotube networks on 100-nm-scale silicon pillars, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2261 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, J. M. Fraser, P. Finnie, Y. Homma: Photoluminescence from an individual single-walled carbon nanotube, Phys. Rev. B 69, 075403 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lebedkin, K. Arnold, F. Hennrich, R. Krupke, B. Renker, M. M. Kappes: {FTIR}-luminescence mapping of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes, New J. Phys. 5, 140 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, R. B. Weisman: Structure-assigned optical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Science 298, 2361 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Bachilo, R. B. Weisman: Dependence of optical transition energies on structure for single-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous suspension: An empirical ``{K}ataura {P}lot'', Nano Lett. 3, 1235 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, J. M. Fraser, Y. Homma, P. Finnie: Photoluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotubes: A comparison between suspended and micelle-encapsulated nanotubes, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Proc. 78, 1107 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. A. Tsyboulski, S. M. Bachilo, R. B. Weisman: Versatile visualization of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with near-infrared fluorescence microscopy, Nano Lett. 5, 975 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O. N. Torrens, D. E. Milkie, M. Zheng, J. M. Kikkawa: Photoluminescence from intertube carrier migration in single-walled carbon nanotube bundles, Nano Lett. 6, 2864 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Hertel, A. Hagen, V. Talalaev, K. Arnold, F. Hennrich, M. Kappes, S. Rosenthal, J. McBride, H. Ulbricht, E. Flahaut: Spectroscopy of single- and double-wall carbon nanotubes in different environment, Nano Lett. 5, 511 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Okazaki, S. Bandow, G. Tamura, Y. Fujita, K. Iakoubovskii, S. Kazaoui, N. Minami, T. Saito, K. Suenaga, S. Iijima: Photoluminescence quenching in peapod-derived double-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 74, 153404 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. L. Kane, E. J. Mele: The ratio problem in single carbon nanotube fluorescence spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 207401 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. J. Mele, C. L. Kane: Many body effects in carbon nanotubes fluorescence spectroscopy, Solid State Commun. 135, 527 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Wang, G. Dukovic, L. E. Brus, T. F. Heinz: The optical resonances in carbon nanotubes arise from excitons, Science 308, 838 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Maultzsch, R. Pomraenke, S. Reich, E. Chang, D. Prezzi, A. Ruini, E. Molinari, M. S. Strano, C. Thomsen, C. Lienau: Exciton binding energies in carbon nanotubes from two-photon photoluminescence, Phys. Rev. B 72, 241402 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hartschuh, H. N. Pedrosa, L. Novotny, T. D. Krauss: Simultaneous fluorescence and {R}aman scattering from single carbon nanotubes, Science 301, 1354 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Inoue, K. Matsuda, Y. Murakami, S. Maruyama, Y. Kanemitsu: Diameter dependence of exciton–phonon interaction in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes studied by microphotoluminescence spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 73, 233401 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. S. Duesberg, I. Loa, M. Burghard, K. Syassen, S. Roth: Polarized {R}aman spectroscopy on isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5436 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. F. Islam, D. E. Milkie, C. L. Kane, A. G. Yodh, J. M. Kikkawa: Direct measurement of the optical absorption cross section of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 037404 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Murakami, E. Einarsson, T. Edamura, S. Maruyama: Polarization dependence of the optical absorption of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 087402 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lebedkin, F. Hennrich, T. Skipa, M. M. Kappes: Near-infrared photoluminescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes prepared by the laser vaporization method, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 1949 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Miyauchi, M. Oba, S. Maruyama: Cross polarized optical absorption of single-walled nanotubes by polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 74, 205440 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Zhao, S. Mazumdar: Electron–electron interaction effects on the optical excitations of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 157402 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Uryu, T. Ando: Exciton absorption of perpendicularly polarized light in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 74, 155411 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, P. Finnie: Polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 167406 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, D. G. Austing, J. Bond, P. Finnie: Photoluminescence imaging of suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 6, 1603–1608 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Berger, C. Voisin, G. Cassabois, C. Delalande, P. Roussignol, X. Marie: Temperature dependence of exciton recombination in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 7, 398 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Lefebvre, P. Finnie, Y. Homma: Temperature dependent photoluminescence from single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 70, 045419 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I. B. Mortimer, R. J. Nicholas: Role of bright and dark excitons in the temperature-dependent photoluminescence of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 027404 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Oyama, R. Saito, K. Sato, J. Jiang, G. G. Samsonidze, A. Grüneis, Y. Miyauchi, S. Maruyama, A. Jorio, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus: Photoluminescence intensity of single-wall carbon nanotubes, Carbon 44, 873 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Reich, C. Thomsen, J. Robertson: Exciton resonances quench the photoluminescence of zigzag carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 077402 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Cherukuri, S. M. Bachilo, S. H. Litovsky, R. B. Weisman: Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in phagocytic cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 15638 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. G. Austing, J. Lefebvre, J. Bond, P. Finnie: Carbon contacted nanotube field effect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 103112 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hartschuh, H. Qian, A. J. Meixner, N. Anderson, L. Novotny: Nanoscale optical imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Lumin. 119, 204 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Qian, T. Gokus, N. Anderson, L. Novotny, A. J. Meixner, A. Hartschuh: Near-field imaging and spectroscopy of electronic states in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Stat. Sol. B 243, 3146 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hartschuh, H. N. Pedrosa, J. Peterson, L. Huang, P. Anger, H. Qian, A. J. Meixner, M. Steiner, L. Novotny, T. D. Krauss: Single carbon nanotube optical spectroscopy, ChemPhysChem 6, 577 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Htoon, M. J. O'Connell, P. J. Cox, S. K. Doorn, V. I. Klimov: Low temperature emission spectra of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes: Multiplicity of subspecies within single-species nanotube ensembles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 027401 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Matsuda, Y. Kanemitsu, K. Irie, T. Saiki, T. Someya, Y. Miyauchi, S. Maruyama: Photoluminescence intermittency in an individual single-walled carbon nanotube at room temperature, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 123116 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Kaminska, J. Lefebvre, D. G. Austing, P. Finnie: Real-time global {R}aman imaging and optical manipulation of suspended carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 73, 235410 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Htoon, M. J. O'Connell, S. K. Doorn, V. I. Klimov: Single carbon nanotubes probed by photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy: the role of phonon-assisted transitions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 127403 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Plentz, H. B. Ribeiro, A. Jorio, M. S. Strano, M. A. Pimenta: Direct experimental evidence of exciton–phonon bound states in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 247401 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Perebeinos, J. Tersoff, P. Avouris: Electron–phonon interaction and transport in semiconducting carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 086802 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Miyauchi, S. Maruyama: Identification of an excitonic phonon sideband by photoluminescence spectroscopy of single-walled carbon-13 nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B 74, 035415 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Perebeinos, J. Tersoff, P. Avouris: Scaling of excitons in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 257402 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. Finnie, Y. Homma, J. Lefebvre: Band-gap shift transition in the photoluminescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 247401 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Dukovic, B. E. White, Z. Zhou, F. Wang, S. Jockusch, M. L. Steigerwald, T. F. Heinz, R. A. Friesner, N. J. Turro, L. E. Brus: Reversible surface oxidation and efficient luminescence quenching in semiconductor single-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 15269 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Yang, J. Han: Electronic structure of deformed carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 000154 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Arnold, S. Lebedkin, O. Kiowski, F. Hennrich, M. M. Kappes: Matrix-imposed stress-induced shifts in the photoluminescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes at low temperatures, Nano Lett. 4, 2349 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Wu, W. Walukiewicz, W. Shan, E. Bourret-Courchesne, J. W. Ager, K. M. Yu, E. E. Haller, K. Kissell, S. M. Bachilo, R. B. Weisman, R. E. Smalley: Structure-dependent hydrostatic deformation potentials of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 017404 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Maki, T. Sato, K. Ishibashi: Direct observation of the deformation and the band gap change from an individual single-walled carbon nanotube under uniaxial strain, Nano Lett. 7, 890 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. B. Capaz, C. D. Spataru, P. Tangney, M. L. Cohen, S. G. Louie: Temperature dependence of the band gap of semiconducting carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 036801 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. E. Milkie, C. Staii, S. Paulson, S. E. Hindman, A. T. Johnson, J. M. Kikkawa: Controlled switching of optical emission energies in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 5, 1135 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Hagen, M. Steiner, M. B. Raschke, C. Lienau, T. Hertel, H. Qian, A. J. Meixner, A. Hartschuh: Exponential decay lifetimes of excitons in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 197401 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. J. Li, R. J. Nicholas: Magneto-photoluminescence of chirality-characterized single-walled carbon nanotubes, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 18, 3509 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Shaver, J. Kono, O. Portugall, V. Krsti, G. L. J. A. Rikken, Y. Miyauchi, S. Maruyama, V. Perebeinos: Magnetic brightening of dark excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 7, 1851 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Ohno, S. Kishimoto, T. Mizutani: Photoluminescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes in field-effect transistors, Nanotechnol. 17, 549 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. A. Heller, S. Baik, T. E. Eurell, M. S. Strano: Single-walled carbon nanotube spectroscopy in live cells: Towards long-term labels and optical sensors, Adv. Mater. 17, 2793 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris, J. C. Tsang, S. Heinze, J. Tersoff: Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube {FET}, Science 300, 783 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Chen, V. Perebeinos, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, Q. Fu, J. Liu, P. Avouris: Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes, Science 310, 1171 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Freitag, Y. Martin, J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris: Photoconductivity of single carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett. 3, 1067 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I. A. Levitsky, W. B. Euler: Photoconductivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes under continuous-wave near-infrared illumination, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1857 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. E. Itkis, F. Borondics, A. Yu, R. C. Haddon: Bolometric infrared photoresponse of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films, Science 312, 413 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Microstructural Sciences, NationalResearch Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Jacques Lefebvre & Paul Finnie

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Tokyo, Japan

    Shigeo Maruyama

Authors
  1. Jacques Lefebvre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shigeo Maruyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul Finnie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacques Lefebvre .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 30.123-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Ado Jorio

  2. Francis Bitter Magnet Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139-4307, Cambridge, MA

    Gene Dresselhaus

  3. Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139-4307, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Mildred S. Dresselhaus

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lefebvre, J., Maruyama, S., Finnie, P. (2007). Photoluminescence: Science and Applications. In: Jorio, A., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S. (eds) Carbon Nanotubes. Topics in Applied Physics, vol 111. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72865-8_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation