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Partial Melting in the Central Andean Crust: a Review of Geophysical, Petrophysical, and Petrologic Evidence

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The Andes

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Earth Sciences ((FRONTIERS))

Abstract

The thickened crust of the Central Andes is characterized by several first-order geophysical anomalies that seem to reflect the presence of partial melts. Magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep-sounding studies in Northern Chile have revealed a high conductivity zone (HCZ) beneath the Altiplano Plateau and the Western Cordillera, which is extreme both in terms of its size and integrated conductivity of > 20000 Siemens. Furthermore, this region is characterized by an extremely high seismic attenuation and reduced seismic velocity. The interrelation between the different petrophysical observations, in combination with petrological and heat-flow density studies, strongly indicates a huge area of partially molten rocks that is possibly topped with a thin, saline fluid film. The average melt fraction is deduced to be ∼20 vol.%, which agrees with typical values deduced from eroded migmatites. Based on the distribution and geochemical composition of Pliocene to Quaternary silicic ignimbrites in this area, this zone is thought to be dominated by crustally-derived rhyodacite melts with minor andesitic contribution. An interconnected melt distribution — typical for migmatites - would satisfy both the magnetotelluric and seismic observations. The high melt fraction in this mid-crustal zone should lead to strong weakening, which may be a main cause for the development of the flat topography of the Altiplano Plateau.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department 4 Chemie der Erde, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Frank R. Schilling, Robert B. Trumbull & Juliane Ramelow

  2. Fachrichung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Heinrich Brasse

  3. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Christian Haberland

  4. GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Günter Asch, David Bruhn, Katrin Mai, Volker Haak & Tim Vietor

  5. Av. Jorge Matte 2005, Santiago, Chile

    Miguel Muñoz

  6. Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, L693BX, Liverpool, UK

    Andreas Rietbrock

  7. Departamento de Física, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia

    Edgar Ricaldi

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  1. Frank R. Schilling
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  2. Robert B. Trumbull
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  9. Peter Giese
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department 3 Geodynamik, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Onno Oncken

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 610, Antofagasta, Chile

    Guillermo Chong

  3. Petrologie, Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Gerhard Franz

  4. Abteilung Geophysik, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Götze

  5. Departamento Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Victor A. Ramos

  6. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Manfred R. Strecker

  7. Fachrichtung Geophysik, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Peter Wigger

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Schilling, F.R. et al. (2006). Partial Melting in the Central Andean Crust: a Review of Geophysical, Petrophysical, and Petrologic Evidence. In: Oncken, O., et al. The Andes. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8_22

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