Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Long-term atmospheric contaminant monitoring for the elucidation of airborne transport processes into polar regions

  • Chapter
Book cover Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment

19.4 Conclusions

The role of long-term atmospheric monitoring in Polar Regions as a versatile tool for the evaluation and assessment of compound specific distribution and transport processes, is today fully recognised by the international scientific community as well as by regulatory authorities. Important phenomena like polar springtime depletion of mercury, POP and trace metal atmospheric long-range transport, as well as “Arctic haze” have been studied in detail through circum Arctic atmospheric monitoring programs.

However, the today ongoing monitoring initiatives (including Arctic and Antarctic monitoring initiatives) are mostly regionally oriented and, thus, face considerable challenges in adapting and harmonising monitoring programs to the aspects of global transport processes.

The need for close co-operation between international atmospheric monitoring programs is recognised and will be a priority task for future monitoring initiatives. Topics like sample and method harmonisation, joint quality control criteria as well as continuous inter-comparison, will be issues to be discussed and implemented in co-operation programs between international and regional atmospheric monitoring initiatives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allengil, S.M. and Martynov, V. G. (1995) Heavy-Metal Burdens in 9 Species of Fresh-Water and Anadromous Fish from the Pechora River, Northern Russia. Sci. Tot. Environ. 161, 653–659

    Google Scholar 

  • AMAP (1994) Method Performance Criteria and Quality Control Measures for the Determination of Persistent Organic Compounds (POPs) in Ambient air, Precipitation and Water, Working group “Quality Control Programme”, Workshop on Techniques of POP measurements in Northern Environments, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 16–18. June 1994. Available from Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, P.O. Box 8100, Dep., NO-0032 OSLO, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • AMAP (1998) AMAP Strategic Plan: 1998–2003, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • AMAP (2000) AMAP Trends and Effects Programme, Section E — Quality Assurance., 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson-Skold, Y. and Simpson, D. (1999) Comparison of the chemical schemes of the EMEP MSC-W and IVL photochemical trajectory models. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1111–1129

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson-Skold, Y. and Simpson, D. (2001) Secondary organic aerosol formation in northern Europe: A model study. J. of Geophys.l Res.-Atmospheres 106, 7357–7374

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariya, P.A., Dastoor, A. P., Amyot, M., Schroeder, W. H., Barrie, L., Anlauf, K., Raofie, F., Ryzhkov, A., Davignon, D., Lalonde, J., and Steffen, A. (2004) The Arctic: a sink for mercury. Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 56, 397–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Asmund, G. and Nielsen, S. P. (2000) Mercury in dated Greenland marine sediments. Sci. Tot. Environ. 245, 61–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R., Barrie, L.A., Halsall, C.J., Fellin, P., Muir, D.C.G. (2000) Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides in the western Canadian Arctic: Evidence of Transpacific transport. J. Geophys. Res. 105,D9, 11805–11811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartnicki, J. (1994) An Eulerian Model for Atmospheric Transport of Heavy-Metals Over Europe-Model Description and Preliminary-Results. Water Air and Soil Poll. 75, 227–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, T., Bartnicki, J., Munthe, J., Lattila, H., Hrehoruk, J., and Mazur, A. (2001) Atmospheric mercury species in the European Arctic: measurements and modelling. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2569–2582

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, T., Kallenborn, R., and Manø, S. (2004) Temporal Trends in Atmospheric Heavy Metal and Organochlorine Concentrations at Zeppelin, Svalbard. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Res. 36/3, 283–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg T., Sekkesæter S, Steinnes E, Valdal A, Wibetoe G (2003) Arctic springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard. Sci. Total Environ. 304: 43–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, T., Sommar, J., Wangberg, I., Gardfeldt, K., Munthe, J., and Schroeder, B. (2003) Arctic mercury depletion events at two elevations as observed at the Zeppelin Station and Dirigibile Italia, Ny-Alesund, spring 2002. J. de Phys. Iv 107, 151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, A., Mackay, D., Matthies, M., Wania, F., and Webster, E. (2000) Assessing long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. & Techno. 34, 699–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Walla, M. D., Roura, R., Carr, E., and Schmidt, S. (1993) Organochlorine Pesticides in the Atmosphere of the Southern-Ocean and Antarctica, January March, 1990. Marine Poll. Bull. 26, 258–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignert, A., Olsson, M., Persson, W., Jensen, S., Zakrisson, S., Litzen, K., Eriksson, U., Haggberg, L., and Alsberg, T. (1998) Temporal trends of organochlorines in Northern Europe, 1967–1995. Relation to global fractionation, leakage from sediments and international measures. Environ. Poll. 99, 177–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignert, A., Riget, F., Braune, B., Outridge, P., and Wilson, S. (2004) Recent temporal trend monitoring of mercury in Arctic biota-how powerful are the existing data sets? J. Environ.Monit. 6, 351–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Bindler, R., Renberg, I., Anderson, N. J., Appleby, P. G., Emteryd, O., and Boyle, J. (2001) Pb isotope ratios of lake sediments in West Greenland: inferences on pollution sources. Atmos. Environ. 35, 4675–4685

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerregaard, P. and Hansen, J. C. (2000) Organochlorines and heavy metals in pregnant women from the Disko Bay area in Greenland. Sci. Tot. Enviro. 245, 195–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, N.J., Blake, D. R., Sive, B. C., Katzenstein, A. S., Meinardi, S., Wingenter, O. W., Atlas, E. L., Flocke, F., Ridley, B. A., and Rowland, F. S. (2003) The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Borga, K., Fisk, A. T., Hoekstra, P. F., and Muir, D. C. G. (2004) Biological and chemical factors of importance in the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of persistent organochlorine contaminants in arctic marine food webs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 2367–2385

    Google Scholar 

  • Brankov, E., Rao, S. T., and Porter, P. S. (1998) A trajectory-clustering-correlation methodology for examining the long-range transport of air pollutants. Atmosp. Environ. 32, 1525–1534

    Google Scholar 

  • Braune, B.M., Donaldson, G. M., and Hobson, K. A. (2001) Contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic. Part I. Temporal trends 1975–1998. Environ. Poll. 114, 39–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Breivik, K. and Wania, F. (2003) Expanding the applicability of multimedia fate models to polar organic chemicals. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 37, 4934–4943

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, H.A. and Bodhaine, B. A. (1994) On the Frequency of Long-Range Transport Events at Point-Barrow, Alaska, 1983–1992. Atmosp. Environ. 28, 3537–3549

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunstrom, B. and Halldin, K. (2000) Ecotoxicological risk assessment of environmental pollutants in the Arctic. Toxicol. Let. 112, 111–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, E., Zazueta, C., Osornio, A., Holguin, J. A., and Miranda, M. E. (1991) Protective Behavior of Captopril on Hg++-Induced Toxicity on Kidney Mitochondria-Invivo and Invitro Experiments. J. of Pharmacol. and Exp. Therap. 256, 385–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J.H., Brandt, J., Frohn, L. M., and Skov, H. (2004b) Modelling of mercury in the Arctic with the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model. Atmos. Chem. and Phys. 4, 2251–2257

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J.H., Brandt, J., Frohn, L. M., and Skov, H. (2004a) Modelling of mercury in the Arctic with the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model. Atmos. Chem. and Phys. 4, 2251–2257

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, G.L. and Wania, F. (2004c) Simulating the influence of snow on the fate of organic compounds. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 38, 4176–4186

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (2003) Canadian Contaminants Assessment Report II, Sources, Occurrence, Trends and Pathways in the physical environment, Northern Contaminants program, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, p, p. 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derwent, R.G. (1993) Evaluation of the Chemical Mechanism Employed in the Emep Photochemical Oxidant Model. Atmos. Environ. Part A-General Topics 27, 277–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Dethloff, K,. Schwager, M., Christensen, J. H., Kilsholm, S., Rinke, A., Dorn, W., Jung-Rothenhausler, F., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., and Miller, H. (2002) Recent Greenland accumulation estimated from regional climate model simulations and ice core analysis. J. of Clim. 15, 2821–2832

    Google Scholar 

  • DeWit, C.A., Fisk, A. T., Hobbs K.E., Muir, D. C. G., Gabrielsen, G. W., Kallenborn, R., Krahn M.M., Norstrom, R., and Skaare, J. U. (2004) AMAP assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic., AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic, pp. 309

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, R., Riget, F. F., Sonne, C., Letcher, R., Born, E. W., and Muir, D. C. G. (2004) Seasonal and temporal trends in polychlorinated biphenyls and or ganochlorine pesticides in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 1990–2001. Sci. Tot. Environ. 331, 107–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Temme, C., Einax, J. W., Lowe, A. G., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., and Schroeder, W. H. (2002) Antarctic springtime depletion of atmospheric mercury. Environ.Sci. Technol. 36, 1238–1244

    Google Scholar 

  • EMEP (1988) EMEP Quality Assurance Plan. EMEP/CCC-Report 1/88, 1–100

    Google Scholar 

  • EMEP (2001) EMEP manual for sampling and chemical analysis. Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway, pp. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eneroth, K., Kjellstrom, E., and Holmen, K. (2003) Interannual and seasonal variations in transport to a measuring site in western Siberia and their impact on the observed atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellin, P., Barrie, L. A., Dougherty, D., Toom, D., Muir, D., Grift, N., Lockhart, L., and Billeck, B. (1996) Air monitoring in the arctic: Results for selected persistent organic pollutants for 1992. Environm. Toxicol. and Chem. 15, 253–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Felzer, B., Thompson, S., Pollard, D., and Bergengren, J. (2000) GCM-simulated hydrology in the Arctic during the past 21,000 years. J. of Paleolimn. 24, 15–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Furevik, T., Bentsen, M., Drange, H., Kindem, I. K. T., Kvamsto, N. G., and Sorteberg, A. (2003) Description and evaluation of the bergen climate model: ARPEGE coupled with MICOM. Clim. Dyn. 21, 27–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J.M., Dubeau, H., and Rassart, E. (1998) Mercury-induced micronuclei in skin fibroblasts of beluga whales. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17, 2487–2493

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautrois, M., Brauers, T., Koppmann, R., Rohrer, F., Stein, O., and Rudolph, J. (2003) Seasonal variability and trends of volatile organic compounds in the lower polar troposphere. J of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, K.A., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Malm, W. C. (2001) Back-trajectory analyses of fine particulate matter measured at Big Bend National Park in the historical database and the 1996 scoping study. Sci. of the Tot.l Environ.t 276, 185–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B., Guyon, P., Taylor, P. E., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Glovsky, M. M., Flagan, R. C., and Andreae, M. O. (2003) Organic compounds present in the natural Amazonian aerosol: Characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves, D.G. and Francis, J. A. (2002) Variability of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget from TOVS satellite data. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J., Rahn, K. A., and Zhuang, G. S. (2004) A mechanism for the increase of pollution elements in dust storms in Beijing. Atmos.Enviro. 38, 855–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsall, C.J. (2004) Investigating the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the arctic: their atmospheric behaviour and interaction with the seasonal snow pack. Environ.Poll. 128, 163–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, J.C. (2000) Environmental contaminants and human health in the Arctic. Toxicol. Let 112, 119–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, K.M., Christensen, J. H., Brandt, J., Frohn, L. M., and Geels, C. (2004) Modelling atmospheric transport of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane in the Northern Hemisphere with a 3-D dynamical model: DEHM-POP. Atmos. Chem. and Phys. 4, 1125–1137

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargrave, B.T., Barrie, L. A., Bidleman, T. F., and Welch, H. E. (1997) Seasonality in exchange of organochlorines between Arctic air and seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol 31, 3258–3266

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidam, N.Z. (1994) Arctic Aerosol Factor Models-Validation by Marginally Detected Elements. Atmos. Environ. 28, 1549–1555

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra, P.F., O’Hara, T. M., Fisk, A. T., Borga, K., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C. G. (2003) Trophic transfer of persistent orgranochlorine contaminants (OCs) within an Arctic marine food web from the southern Beaufort-Chukchi Seas. Environ.l Poll. 124, 509–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M.M. (2003) The North Atlantic oscillation-arctic oscillation in the CCSM2 and its influence on arctic climate variability. J of Clim. 16, 2767–2781

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, E., Bonner, F. W., and Nicholson, J. K. (1996) Comparative biochemical effects of low doses of mercury II chloride in the F344 rat and the multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis). Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. & Endocrinol. 114, 7–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopke, P.K., Barrie, L. A., Li, S. M., Cheng, M. D., Li, C., and Xie, Y. (1995) Possible Sources and Preferred Pathways for Biogenic and Non-Sea-Salt Sulfur for the High Arctic. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 100, 16595–16603

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopke, P.K., Liu, C. H., and Rubin, D. B. (2001) Multiple imputation for multivariate data with missing and below-threshold measurements: Time-series concentrations of pollutants in the Arctic. Biometrics 57, 22–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, H., Halsall C.J., Blanchard, P., Li, H.H., Fellin, P., Stern. G., Rosenberg. B. (2001) Are PCBs in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere declining? Evidence from 5 years of monitoring. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35/7, 1303–1311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, H., Blanchard, P., Poole, G., Thibert, B., Chiu, C.H. (2002) Measurement of particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurnas (PCCD/Fs) in Arctic air at Alert, Nunavut, Canada. Atmos. Environ. 36, 1041–1050

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, H., Halsall, C. J., Blanchard, P., Li, H. H., Fellin, P., Stern, G., and Rosenberg, B. (2002) Temporal trends of organochlorine pesticides in the Canadian Arctic atmosphere. Environ.Sci. Technol. 36, 862–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonson, J.E., Bartnicki, J., Olendrzynski, K., Jakobsen, H. A., and Berge, E. (1998) EMEP Eulerian model for atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen species over Europe. Environ. Poll. 102, 289–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonson, J.E., Sundet, J. K., and Tarrason, L. (2001) Model calculations of present and future levels of ozone and ozone precursors with a global and a regional model. Atmos. Environ. 35, 525–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahl J.D.W., Galbraith JA, Martinez DA (1999) Decadal-scale variability in long range atmospheric transport to the Summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophys, Res. Let. 26, 481–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahnert, M., Lazaridis, M., Tsyro, S., and Torseth, K. (2004) Requirements for developing a regional monitoring capacity for aerosols in Europe within EMEP. J.of Environ. Monit. 6, 646–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallenborn, R, Oehme, M., Wynn-Williams, D. D., Schlabach, M., and Harris, J. (1998) Ambient air levels and atmospheric long-range transport of persistent organochlorines to Signy Island, Antarctica. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 220, 167–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Kangas, L. and Syri, S. (2002) Regional nitrogen deposition model for integrated assessment of acidification and eutrophication. Atmos. Environ. 36, 1111–1122

    Google Scholar 

  • Karcher, M.J., Gerland, S., Harms, I. H., Iosjpe, M., Heldal, H. E., Kershaw, P. J., and Sickel, M. (2004) The dispersion of Tc-99 in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean: a comparison of model results observations. J of Environ. Radioact. 74, 185–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Kattsov, V.M. and Walsh, J. E. (2000) Twentieth-century trends of arctic precipitation from observational data and a climate model simulation. J.l of Clim. 13, 1362–1370

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, E.Y., Murakami, T., Saeki, K., and Tatsukawa, R. (1996) Mercury levels and its chemical form in tissues and organs of seabirds. Arch. of Environ.l Contam. and Toxicol. 30, 259–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Klungsoyr, J., Saetre, R., Foyn, L., and Loeng, H. (1995) Mans Impact on the Barents Sea. Arctic 48, 279–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, O. and Tuovinen, J. P. (1997) The effect of variable sub-grid deposition factors on the results of the Lagrangian long-range transport model of EMEP. Atmos. Environ. 31, 4199–4209

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakaschus S,. Weber K, Wania F, Bruhn R, Schrems O (2002). The air-sea equilibrium and time trend of hexachlorocyclohexanes in the Atlantic Ocean between the Arctic and Antarctica. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 138–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landers, D.H., Ford, J., Gubala, C., Monetti, M., Lasorsa, B. K., and Martinson, J. (1995) Mercury in Vegetation and Lake-Sediments from the Us Arctic. Water Air and Soil Poll. 80, 591–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, R.J., Alaee, M., Allchin, C. R., Boon, J. P., Lebeuf, M., Lepom, P., and Stern, G. A. (2003) Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife. Environ. Internat. 29, 757–770

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, S.E., Brooks, S., Lin, C. J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter, A. (2002) Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise. Environ.Sci. Technol 36, 1245–1256

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J.Y., Schroeder, W. H., Barrie, L. A., Steffen, A., Welch, H. E., Martin, K., Lockhart, L., Hunt, R. V., Boila, G., and Richter, A. (2001) Magnification of atmospheric mercury deposition to polar regions in springtime: the link to tropospheric ozone depletion chemistry. Geophys. Res. Let. 28, 3219–3222

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, J.M., Cao, Z. H., and Hung, H. (2004) North Atlantic Oscillation signatures in the atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants: An analysis using Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network-Great Lakes monitoring data. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 109

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, R.W., Barrie, L. A., Bidleman, T. F., Diamond, M. L., Gregor, D. J., Semkin, R. G., Strachan, W. M. J., Li, Y. F., Wania, F., Alaee, M., Alexeeva, L. B., Backus, S. M., Bailey, R., Bewers, J. M., Gobeil, C., Halsall, C. J., Harner, T., Hoff, J. T., Jantunen, L. M. M., Lockhart, W. L., Mackay, D., Muir, D. C. G., Pudykiewicz, J., Reimer, K. J., Smith, J. N., Stern, G. A., Schroeder, W. H., Wagemann, R., and Yunker, M. B. (2000) Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways. Sci. of the Tot.Environ. 254, 93–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, R.W. and Bewers, J. M. (1996) Contaminants in the arctic marine environment: Priorities for protection. Ices J, of Marine Sci. 53, 537–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, R.W., Mackay, D., Li, Y. F., and Hickie, B. (2003) How will global climate change affect risks from long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants? Human and Ecol. Risk Assess. 9, 643–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. and Wania, F. (1995) Transport of Contaminants to the Arctic-Partitioning, Processes and Models. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 161, 25–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli, P., Negrini, M. G., Cesari, G., and Morgan, G. (1984) Evidence for Long-Range Transport of Biological and Anthropogenic Aerosol-Particles in the Atmosphere. Grana 23, 43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Manø, S. and Schaug, J. (2003) EMEP POP laboratory comparison 2000–2002. CCC-report 10/2003, 1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K.G., Clarke, A. D., Kapustin, V. N., and Howell, S. G. (2003) Long-range transport of continental plumes over the Pacific Basin: Aerosol physiochemistry and optical properties during PEM-Tropics A and B. J.l of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D,. Braune, B., DeMarch, B., Norstrom, R., Wagemann, R., Lockhart, L., Hargrave, B., Bright, D., Addison, R., Payne, J., and Reimer, K. (1999a) Spatial and temporal trends and effects of contaminants in the Canadian Arctic marine ecosystem: a review. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 230, 83–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.C.G., Teixeira, C., and Wania, F. (2004) Empirical and modeling evidence of regional atmospheric transport of current-use pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 23, 2421–2432

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.C.G., Wagemann, R., Hargrave, B. T., Thomas, D. J., Peakall, D. B., and Norstrom, R. J. (1992) Arctic Marine Ecosystem Contamination. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 122, 75–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa, T., Ishizawa, M., Higuchi, K., Trivett, N.B.A. (1997) Two curve fitting methods applied to CO2 flask data. Environmetircs 8, 197–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu J., Pacyna J (1988) Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soil from trace metals, Nature 333, 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oei, H. and Falkenberg, E. (1994) Harmonization of Information-System Modeling and Specification Techniques. Methods and Associated Tools for the Information Systems Life Cycle 55, 151–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Olendrzynski, K., Berge, E., and Bartnicki, J. (2000) EMEP Eulerian acid deposition model and its applications. Europ. J. of Operat. Res. 122, 426–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacyna, J.M. (1995) The Origin of Arctic Air-Pollutants-Lessons Learned and Future-Research. Science of the Total Environment 161, 39–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacyna E.G., Pacyna J.M. (2002) Global emission of mercury from anthropogenc sources in 1995. Water Air Soil Poll., 137, 149–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, V., Pavlova, O., and Korsnes, R. (2004) Sea ice fluxes and drift trajectories from potential pollution sources, computed with a statistical sea ice model of the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Marine Syst. 48, 133–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereg, D., Ayotte, P., Muckle, G., Ryan, J. J., Gingras, S., and Dewailly, E. (2003) Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in human milk from nunavik (Arctic Quebec, Canada): Changes observed from 1989 to 200. Toxicol. Sci. 72, 185–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, P.E. (1995) An Overview of International Institutional Mechanisms for Environmental-Management with Reference to Arctic Pollution. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 161, 849–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Poissant, L., Dommergue, A., and Ferrari, C. P. (2002) Mercury as a global pollutant. Journal de Physique Iv 12, 143–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, M., Klein, G. M., Guiguer, K. R. R. A., and Kwan, M. K. H. (2002) Mercury accumulation in the fish community of a sub-Arctic lake in relation to trophic position and carbon sources. J. of Appl, Ecol. 39, 819–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Prandle, D. (1991) A 5-Year Scientific-Research Program for Managing Coastal Seas. Mar. Poll. Bull. 23, 63–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Proshutinsky, AY., Polyakov, I. V., and Johnson, M. A. (1999) Climate states and variability of Arctic ice and water dynamics during 1946–1997. Polar Res. 18, 135–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Prospero, J.M. (1999) Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 3396–3403

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, R.A., Khalil, M. A. K., and Fox, R. J. (1983) Altitudinal and Temporal Variation of Hydrocarbons and Other Gaseous Tracers of Arctic Haze. Geophys. Res. Let. 10, 144–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Riget, F., Dietz, R., Johansen, P., and Asmund, G. (2000) Lead, cadmium, mercury and selenium in Greenland marine biota and sediments during AMAP phase 1. Sci.of the Tot. Environ.t 245, 3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Riget, F., Dietz, R., Vorkamp, K., Johansen, P., and Muir, D. (2004) Levels and spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in Greenland biota: an updated review. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 331, 29–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinke, A., Dethloff, K., Spekat, A., Enke, W., and Christensen, J. H. (1999) High resolution climate simulations over the Arctic. Polar Res. 18, 143–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosman, K.J.R., Ly, C., Van de Velde, K., and Boutron, C. F. (2000) A two century record of lead isotopes in high altitude Alpine snow and ice. Earth and Planet. Sci. Let. 176, 413–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, P.S. and Birnbaum, L. S. (2003) Integrated human and ecological risk assessment: A case study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in humans and wildlife. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 9, 303–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer, M., Stroebe, M., Wania, F., Wegmann, F., and Hungerbuhler, K. (2004) The effect of export to the deep sea on the long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. and Poll. Res. 11, 41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, W.H. (2002) Emission sources, atmospheric transport, chemical speciation, and fate of mercury entering the arctic environment. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 223, U522–U522

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, W.H., Anlauf, K. G., Barrie, L. A., Lu, J. Y., Steffen, A., Schneeberger, D. R., and Berg, T. (1998) Arctic springtime depletion of mercury. Nature 394, 331–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Serreze, M.C., Clark, M.P., and Bromwich, D.H. (2003) Monitoring precipitation over the Arctic terrestrial drainage system: Data requirements, shortcomings, and applications of atmospheric reanalysis. J. of Hydrometeorol. 4, 387–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Serreze, M.C. and Hurst, C. M. (2000) Representation of mean Arctic precipitation from NCEP-NCAR and ERA reanalyses. J. of Clim. 13, 182–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Shatalov, V., Feldmann, H., Martilli, A., Stull, R.B., and Walker, S.E. (2003) Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment. EMEP report, p. 100

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaare, J.U., Larsen, H. J., Lie, E., Bernhoft, A., Derocher, A. E., Norstrom, R., Ropstad, E., Lunn, N. F., and Wiig, O. (2002) Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in the arctic. Toxicol. 181, 193–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Skov, H., Christensen, J. H., Goodsite, M. E., Heidam, N. Z., Jensen, B., Wahlin, P., and Geernaert, G. (2004) Fate of elemental mercury in the arctic during atmospheric mercury depletion episodes and the load of atmospheric mercury to the arctic. Environ.Sci. Technol 38, 2373–2382

    Google Scholar 

  • Skov H., Goodsite ME, Christensen J, Geernaert G, Zeuthen Heidam N, Jensen B, Wåhlin P, Feilberg A (2002) Fate of Atmospheric Mercury in Arctic: results from Station Nord. Paper presented at the Arctic Atmospheric Mercury Research Workshop, Toronto, Canada, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommar J., Wängberg I., Berg T.; Gårdfeldt K., Munthe J., Richter A., Urba A., Wittrock F. and Schroeder W.H. (2004) Circumpolar transport and air-surface exchange of atmospheric mercury at Ny-ålesund (79°N), Svalbard, spring 2002. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, 1727–1771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Hedgecock, I.M., Landis, M.S., Stevens, R.K. (2002) Intensive atmospheric mercury measurements a Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica during November and December 2000. Journal of geophysical research, Vol. 107, Art. No. 4722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stohl, A. (1996) Trajectory statistics-A new method to establish source-receptor relationships of air pollutants and its application to the transport of particulate sulfate in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 30, 579–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R.S. (1997) Variations in western Arctic temperatures in response to cloud radiative and synoptic-scale influences. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 102, 21769–21776

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R.S., Dutton, E. G., Harris, J. M., and Longenecker, D. (2002) Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Subhash, S. and Honrath, R. E. (1999) Back-trajectory analysis of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations over Lake Superior. Environ.Sci. Technol. 33, 1509–1515

    Google Scholar 

  • Temme, C., Einax, J. W., Ebinghaus, R., and Schroeder, W. H. (2003) Measurements of atmospheric mercury species at a coastal site in the Antarctic and over the south Atlantic Ocean during polar summer. Environ.Sci. Technol. 37, 22–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D.J., Tracey, B., Marshall, H., and Norstrom, R. J. (1992) Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystem Contamination. Sci. of the Tot. Environ. 122, 135–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Toose, L., Woodfine, D. G., MacLeod, M., Mackay, D., and Gouin, J. (2004) BETR-World: a geographically explicit model of chemical fate: application to transport of alpha-HCH to the Arctic. Environ. Poll. 128, 223–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Tørseth K., Hov Ø. (2003) The EMEP monitoring strategy 2004–2009. Background document with justification and specification of the EMEP monitoring programme 2004–2009. EMEP/CCC-Report 9/2003. Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway, pp 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tørseth K. (2004) EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capacity for atmospheric composition in Europe being compatible with local and global initiatives: Conventions and Directives, user requirements. Atmospheric Chemistry Applications Workshop, ESTEC, The Netherlands, 20–21. January 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traub, M., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Kormann, R., Heland, J., Ziereis, H., Schlager, H., Holzinger, R., Williams, J., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J., and Lelieveld, J. (2003) Chemical characteristics assigned to trajectory clusters during the MINOS campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, 459–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuovinen, J.P., Ashmore, M. R., Emberson, L. D., and Simpson, D. (2004) Testing and improving the EMEP ozone deposition module. Atmos. Environ. 38, 2373–2385

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2000) Master list of actions on the reduction and/or elimination of the Releases of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Second Edition), March 2000, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • US-EPA (2001) Environmental Investigations Standard Operating Procedures and quality Assurance manual. US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, pp 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, J.M., Maryon, R. H., and Geddes, N. J. (2002) Comparison of atmospheric aerosol backscattering and air mass back trajectories. Meteorol. and Atmos. Phys. 79, 33–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemann, R., Innes, S., and Richard, P. R. (1996) Overview and regional and temporal differences of heavy metals in Arctic whales and ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic. Sci. of the Tot.Environ. 186, 41–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagemann, R., Trebacz, E., Boila, G., and Lockhart, W. L. (1998) Methylmercury and total mercury in tissues of arctic marine mammals. Sci. of the Tot.l Environ. 218, 19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.E., Kattsov, V. M., Chapman, W. L., Govorkova, V., and Pavlova, T. (2002) Comparison of Arctic climate simulations by uncoupled and coupled global models. J.of Clim. 15, 1429–1446

    Google Scholar 

  • Wängberg I., Sommar J., Berg T., Gårdfeldt K. and Munthe J. W.H. (2003) Interpretation of Mercury Depletion Events Observed at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard During Spring 2002. J. Phys. IV France 107, 1353–1356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. (2003b) Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 1344–1351

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. (1998) Multi-compartmental models of contaminant fate in the environment. Biotherapy 11, 65–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. (2003a) Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions. Environ.Sci. Technol. 37, 1344–1351

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Dugani, C. B. (2003) Assessing the long-range transport potential of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: A comparison of four multimedia models. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 22, 1252–1261

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (1996) Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environ.Sci. Technol. 30, A390–A396

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (1999b) Global chemical fate of alphahexachlorocyclohexane. 2. Use of a global distribution model for mass balancing, source apportionment, and trend prediction. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 18, 1400–1407

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Mackay, D. (1999a) The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment. Environ.l Poll. 100, 223–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R.J., Orsini, D., Wang, B., Scheuer, E., Talbot, R. W., Dibb, J. E., Seid, G. K., DeBell, L., Mauldin, R. L., Kosciuch, E., Cantrell, C., and Eisele, F. (2003) Investigations into free tropospheric new particle formation in the central Canadian arctic during the winter/spring transition as part of TOPSE. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 108

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, P., Zhou, X. J., Jian, Z. M., Sparrow, M., and Han, Y. (2004) Modeling the tropical climate and the impact of the western Pacific sea surface temperature at the Last Glacial Maximum. J. of Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 109

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, J., Zdanowicz, C., Fisher, D., Hall, G., and Vaive, J. (2003) A new 155-year record of Pb pollution from Devon ice cap, Canada. J. de Phys. Iv 107, 1405–1408

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang, G.S., Guo, J. H., Yuan, H., and Zhao, C. Y. (2001) The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment. Chinese Sci. Bull. 46, 895–901

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway

    Roland Kallenborn & Torunn Berg

Authors
  1. Roland Kallenborn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Torunn Berg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Polar Institute, Svalbard, P.O.Box 505, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway

    Jon Børre Ørbæk

  2. Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 9296, Tromsø, Norway

    Roland Kallenborn

  3. Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 9296, Tromsø, Norway

    Ingunn Tombre

  4. Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Breivika, 9037, Tromsø, Norway

    Else N. Hegseth

  5. Polar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296, Tromsø, Norway

    Stig Falk-Petersen

  6. Department of Political Science, University of Tromsø, Breivika, 9037, Tromsø, Norway

    Alf H. Hoel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kallenborn, R., Berg, T. (2007). Long-term atmospheric contaminant monitoring for the elucidation of airborne transport processes into polar regions. In: Ørbæk, J.B., Kallenborn, R., Tombre, I., Hegseth, E.N., Falk-Petersen, S., Hoel, A.H. (eds) Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48514-8_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation