Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea

  • Chapter
Neuroimmunology of the Skin

  • There is increasing evidence that the nervous system (for example emotional stress) can influence the course of acne.

  • Neuropeptides are expressed in the skin, in which they exhibit a number of immunomodulatory influences on cellular differentiation.

  • Substance P, ectopeptidases, the CRH system, α-MSH and endogenous opioids exhibit activity on the pilosebaceous unit.

  • Flushing or transient erythema in rosacea is controlled by humoral substances and neural stimuli.

  • The major neuropeptides probably involved in rosacea include substance P, VIP and CRH.

  • Ultraviolet radiation is an initial stress factor for the development of inflammatory lesions in rosacea.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aldana OL, Holland DB, Cunliffe WJ (1998) Variation in pilosebaceous duct keratinocyte proliferation in acne patients. Dermatology 196:98–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alesci S, Bornstein SR (2000) Neuroimmunoregulation of androgens in the adrenal gland and the skin. Horm Res 54:281–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alestas T, Ganceviciene R, Fimmel S, Müller-Decker K, Zouboulis CC (2006) Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 are active in sebaceous glands. J Mol Med 84:75–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Amann W (1975) Manifestation der Acne vulgaris nach mentaler Überförderung. Dermatol Monatsschr 161:499–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Antczak C, De Meester I, Bauvois B (2001) Ectopeptidases in pathophysiology. Bioessays 23:251–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Anttila HS, Reitamo S, Saurat JH (1992) Interleukin 1 immunoreactivity in sebaceous glands. Br J Dermatol 127:585–588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Aubin F (2003) Mechanisms involved in ultraviolet light-induced immunosuppression. Eur J Dermatol 13:515–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Baldwin HE (2002) The interaction between acne vulgaris and the psyche. Cutis 70:133–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bhardwaj R, Becher K, Mahnke M, Hartmeyer T, Schwarz T, Sholzen T, Luger TA (1997) Evidence for the differential expression of the functional alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor MC-1 on human monocytes. J Immunol 158:3378–3384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Boehm KD, Yun JK, Strohl KP, Elmets CA (1995) Messenger RNAs for the multifunctional cytokines interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are present in adnexal tissues and in dermis of normal human skin. Exp Dermatol 4:335–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Böhm M, Luger TA (2000) The role of melanocortins in skin homeostasis. Horm Res 54:287–293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Böhm M, Metze D, Schulte U, Becher E, Luger T, Brzoska T (1999) Detection of melanocortin-1 immunoreactivity in human skin cells in culture and in situ. Exp Dermatol 8:453–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Böhm M, Schiller M, Ständer S, Seltmann H, Li Z, Brzoska T, Metze D, Schiöth HB, Skottner A, Seiffert K, Zouboulis CC, Luger TA (2002) Evidence for expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in human sebocytes in vitro and in situ. J Invest Dermatol 118:533–539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Böhm M, Li Z, Ottaviani M, Picardo M, Zouboulis CC, Ständer S, Luger TA (2004) Beta-endorphin modulates lipogenesis in human sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 123:A10

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bornstein SR, Böttner A, Chrousos GP (1999) Knocking out the stress response. Mol Psychiatr 4:403–407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Burnstock G (1971) Fine-structural identification of autonomic nerves and their relation to smooth muscle. Prog Brain Res 34:389–404

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chen W, Kelly MA, Opitz-Araya X, Thomas RE, Low MJ, Cone RD (1997) Exocrine gland dysfunction in MC5-R-deficient mice: evidence for coordinated regulation of exocrine gland function by melanocortin peptides. Cell 91:789–798

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chiu A, Chon SY, Kimball AB (2003) The response of skin disease to stress: changes in the severity of acne vulgaris as affected by examination stress. Arch Dermatol 139:897–900

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chrousos GP (1998) Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann NY Acad Sci 30:311–335

    Google Scholar 

  20. Crompton R, Clifton VL, Bisits AT, Read MA, Smith R, Wright MR (2003) Corticotropin-releasing hormone causes vasodilation in human skin via mast cell-dependent pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5427–5432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. De Meester I, Korom S, Van Damme J, Scharpe S (1999) CD26, let it cut or cut it down. Immunol Today 20:367–375

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ebling FJ (1977) Hormonal control and methods of measuring sebaceous gland activity. J Invest Dermatol 62:161–171

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fimmel S, Schnitger A, Glass E, Seiffert K, Granstein RD, Zouboulis CC (2004) Keratinocyte- and sebocyte-derived factors modify UVB activity on endothelial cells: a possible mechanism for the development of vascular changes in rosacea. J Invest Dermatol Res 122:A3

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fritsch M, Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC (2001) Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 116:793–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gabrilovac J, Cupic B, Breljak D, Zekusic M, Boranic M (2004) Expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N and CD10/neutral endopeptidase on cultured human keratinocytes. Immunol Lett 91:39–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ganceviciene R, Marciukaitiene I, Graziene V, Rimkevicius A, Zouboulis CC (2006) New accents in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Acta Medica Lituanica 13:83–87

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Böhm M, Zouboulis CC (2007) Increased in situ expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in sebaceous glands of lesional skin of patients with acne vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 16:547–552

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Getting SJ (2006) Targeting melanocortin receptors as potential novel therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 111:1–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Goetz H, Cronen J (1980) Die UV-Lichtempfindlichkeit der Haut bei der Rosacea. Z Hautkr 55:232–236

    Google Scholar 

  30. Goggin N, Enright F, Costigan C, Duff D, Oslizlok P, Wood AE, Watson R (1999) Striae and acne following cardiac surgery in a child. Br J Dermatol 140:734–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Graham GM, Farrar MD, Cruse-Sawyer JE, Holland KT, Ingham E (2004) Proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes and P. acnes Gro EL. Br J Dermatol 150:421–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Guerriera M, Parodi A, Cipriani C, Divano C, Rebora A (1982) Flushing in rosacea: a possible mechanism. Arch Dermatol Res 272:311–316

    Google Scholar 

  33. Guy R, Green MR, Kealey T (1996) Modeling acne in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 106:176–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hartmeyer M, Sholzen T, Becher E, Bhardwaj R, Schwarz T, Luger T (1997) Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells express the melanocortin receptor type 1 and produce increased levels of IL-8 upon stimulation with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. J Immunol 159:1930–1937

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hatta N, Dixon C, Ray AJ, Phillips SR, Cunliffe WJ, Dale M, Todd C, Meggit S, Birch-MacHin MA, Rees JL (2001) Expression, candidate gene, and population studies of the melanocortin 5 receptor. J Invest Dermatol 116:564–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Howell BG, Wang B, Freed I, Mamelak AJ, Watanabe H, Sauder DN (2004) Microarray analysis of UVB-regulated genes in keratinocytes: downregulation of angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1. J Dermatol Sci 34:185–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hunyadi J, Simon M Jr, Kenderessy AS, Dobozy A (1993) Expression of monocyte/macrophage markers (CD13, 230 CD14, CD68) on human keratinocytes in healthy and diseased skin. J Dermatol 20:341–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ingham E, Eady EA, Goodwin CE, Cove JH, Cunliffe WJ (1992) Proinflammatory levels of interleukin-1 alpha-like bioactivity are present in the majority of open comedones in acne vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 98:895–901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ingham E, Walters CE, Eady EA, Cove JH, Kearney JN, Cunliffe WJ (1998) Inflammation in acne vulgaris: failure of skin micro-organisms to modulate keratinocyte interleukin 1 alpha production in vitro. Dermatology 196:86–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Iwata S, Morimoto C (1999) CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV in context. The different roles of a multifunctional ectoenzyme in malignant transformation. J Exp Med 190:301–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Jeong SK, Hwang SW, Choi SY, An JM, Seo JT, Zouboulis CC, Lee SH (2007) Intracellular calcium mobilization is mediated by melanocortin receptors in SZ95 sebocytes. J Invest Dermatol 127:S72

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, Thomson KF, Cunliffe WJ (2003) Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol 121:20–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kligman AM (2004) A personal critique on the state of knowledge of rosacea. Dermatology 208:191–197

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kono M, Nagata H, Umemura S, Kawana S, Yoshiyuki R (2001) In situ expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes in human skin. FASEB J 15:2297–2299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Koo JY, Smith LL (1991) Psychologic aspects of acne. Pediatr Dermatol 8:185–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kosmadaki G, Yaar M, Arble BL, Gilchrest BA (2003) UV induces VEGF through a TNF-alpha independent pathway. FASEB J 17:446–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kraus SJ (1970) Stress, acne and skin surface free fatty acids. Psychosom Med 32:503–588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krause K, Schnitger A, Fimmel S, Glass E, Zouboulis CC (2007) Corticotropin-releasing hormone skin signalling is receptor-mediated and is predominant in the sebaceous glands. Horm Metab Res 39:166–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kurkcuoglu N, Alaybeyi F (1991) Substance P immunore-activity in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 25:725–726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kurokawa I, Mayer-da-Silva A, Gollnick H, Orfanos CE (1988) Monoclonal antibody labeling for cytokeratins and filaggrin in the human pilosebaceous unit of normal, seborrhoeic and acne skin. J Invest Dermatol 91:566–571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lee WJ, Jung HD, Lee HJ, Kim B-S, Lee S-J, Kim DW (2008) Influence of substance P on human sebocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 300:311–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Legat FJ, Griesbacher T, Schicho R, Althuber P, Schuligoi R, Kerl H, Wolf P (2002) Repeated subinflammatory ultraviolet B irradiation increases substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide content and augments mustard oil-induced neurogenic inflammation in the skin of rats. Neurosci Lett 329:309–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Legat FJ, Jaiani LT, Wolf P, Wang MS, Lang R, Abraham T, Solomon AR, Glass JD, Ansel JC (2004) The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in cutaneous immunosuppression induced by repeated subinflammatory ultraviolet irradiation exposure. Exp Dermatol 13:242–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lendeckel U, Arndt M, Frank K, Wex T, Ansorge S (1999) Role of alanyl aminopeptidase in growth and function of human T cells. Int J Mol Med 4:17–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Li Z, Ständer S, Luger TA, Zouboulis CC, Böhm M (2003) Expression of opioid receptors in human sebocytes — another link between stress and acne? Exp Dermatol 12:332

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lorenz T, Graham DT, Wolf S (1953) The relation of life stress and emotions to human sebum secretion and to the mechanism of acne vulgaris. J Lab Clin Med 41:11–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Luger TA (2002) Neuromediators — a crucial component of the skin immune system. J Dermatol Sci 30:87–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lytinas M, Kempuraj D, Huang M, Boucher W, Esposito P, Theoharides TC (2003) Acute stress results in skin corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion, mast cell activation and vascular permeability, an effect mimicked by intradermal corticotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by histamine-1 receptor antagonists. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 130:224–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Marks R, Beard RJ, Clark ML, Kwok M, Robertson WB (1967) Gastrointestinal observations in rosacea. 1:739–743

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Millington GWM (2006) Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors. Clin Exp Dermatol 31:407–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mountjoy KG, Robbins LS, Mortrud MT, Cone RD (1992) The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors. Science 257:1248–1251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Murphy GM (2004) Ultraviolet light and rosacea. Cutis 74:32–34

    Google Scholar 

  63. Nagy I, Pivarcsi A, Kis K, Koreck A, Bodai L, McDowell A, Seitmann H, Patrick S, Zouboulis CC, Kemény L (2006) Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antibacterial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. Microbes Infect 8:2195–2205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Norris JF, Cunliffe WJ (1988) A histological and immunocytochemical study of early acne lesions. Br J Dermatol 118:651–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Novelli M, Savoia P, Fierro MT, Verrone A, Quaglino P, Bernengo MG (1996) Keratinocytes express dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) in benign and malignant skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 134:1052–1056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Orel L, Simon M, Karlseder J, Bhardwaj R, Trautinger F, Schwarz T, Luger T (1997) Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone downregulates differentiation driven heat shock protein 70 expression in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 108:401–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Picardi A, Abeni D (2001) Stressful life events and skin diseases: disentangling evidence from myth. Psychother Psychosom 70:118–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pierard-Franchimont C, Quatresooz P, Pierard GE (2003) Incidental control of rosacea by somatostatin. Dermatology 206:249–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pivarcsi A, Nagy I, Koreck A, Kis K, Kenderessy-Szabo A, Szell M, Dobozy A, Kemeny L (2005) Microbial compounds induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and human β-defensin-2 in vaginal epithelial cells, Microbes Infect 7:1117–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Plewig G, Kligman AM (2000) Acne and rosacea. Springer, Berlin, pp 433–475

    Google Scholar 

  71. Poli F, Dreno B, Verschoore M (2001) An epidemiological study of acne in female adults: results of a survey conducted in France. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 15:541–545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Powell FC (2005) Clinical practice. Rosacea. N Engl J Med 352:793–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Powell FC, Corbally N, Powell D (1993) Substance P and rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 28:132–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Quevedo ME, Slominski A, Pinto W, Wei E, Wortsman J (2001) Pleiotropic effects of corticotropin releasing hormone on normal human skin keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 37:50–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Rattis FM, Concha M, Dalbiez-Gauthier C, Courtellemont P, Schmitt D, Peguet-Navarro J (1998) Effects of ultraviolet B radiation on human Langerhans cells: functional alteration of CD86 upregulation and induction of apoptotic cell death. J Invest Dermatol 111:373–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rebora A (1993) The red face: rosacea. Clin Dermatol 11:225–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Reinhold D, Bank U, Bühling F, Lendeckel U, Faust J, Neubert K, Ansorge S (1997) Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV induce secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in PWM-stimulated PBMC and T cells. Immunology 91:354–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Reinhold D, Vetter RW, Mnich K, Bühling F, Lendeckel U, Born I, Faust J, Neubert K, Gollnick H, Ansorge S (1998) Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) is involved in regulation of DNA synthesis in human keratinocytes. FEBS Lett 428:100–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Reinhold D, Kähne T, Steinbrecher A, Wrenger S, Neubert K, Ansorge S, Bröcke S (2002) The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) enzymatic activity in T cell activation and autoimmunity. Biol Chem 383:1133–1138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Riemann D, Kehlen A, Langner J (1999) CD13 — not just a marker in leukemia typing. Immunol Today 20:83–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Scholzen T, Armstrong CA, Bunnett NW, Luger TA, Olerud JE, Ansel JC (1998) Neuropeptides in the skin: interactions between the neuroendocrine and the skin immune system. Exp Dermatol 7:81–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Scholzen TE, Brzoska T, Kalden DH, O’Reilly F, Armstrong CA, Luger TA, Ansel JC (1999) Effects of ultraviolet light on the release of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine hormones in the skin: mediators of photodermatitis and cutaneous inflammation. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 4:55–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Seiffert K, Granstein RD (2002) Neuropeptides and neuroendocrine hormones in ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. Methods 28:97–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Seiffert K, Zouboulis CC, Seitmann H, Granstein RD (2000) Expression of neuropeptide receptors by human sebocytes and stimulatory effect of their agonists on cytokine production. Horm Res 53:102

    Google Scholar 

  85. Seiffert K, Fimmel S, Zouboulis CC, Granstein RD (2004) UV-B irradiation differentially affects VEGF production in human microvascular endothelial cells and keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 122:A147

    Google Scholar 

  86. Shuster S, Thody AJ (1974) The control and measurement of sebum secretion. J Invest Dermatol 61:172–190

    Google Scholar 

  87. Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Seretakis DI, Green M, Theoharis C, Theoharides TC (1999) Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:1349–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sleijffers A, Herreilers M, van Loveren H, Garssen J (2003) Ultraviolet B radiation induces upregulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in human Finn chamber skin samples. J Photochem Photobiol B 69:149–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Slominski A, Wortman J, Luger T, Paus R, Solomon S (2000) Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. Physiol Rev 80:979–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Slominski AT, Wortsman J (2000) Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocrin Rev 21:457–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Slominski AT, Botchkarev V, Choudhry M, Fazal N, Fechner K, Furkert J, Krause E, Roloff B, Sayeed M, Wei E, Zbytek B, Zipper J, Wortsman J, Paus R (1999) Cutaneous expression of CRH and CRH-R. Is there a ‘skin stress response system?’ Ann NY Acad Sci 885:287–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stüttgen G (1964) Zentralnerren-system und Talgsekretion. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 219:795–820

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ten Bokum AM, Hofland LJ, van Hagen PM (2000) Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in the immune system. Eur Cytokine Network 1:161–176

    Google Scholar 

  94. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Webster E, Chrousos G (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 139:403–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Theoharides TC, Donelan JM, Papadopoulou N, Cao J, Kempuraj D, Conti P (2004) Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:563–568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Thiboutot D, Sivarajah A, Gilliland K, Cong Z, Clawson G (2000) The melanocortin 5 receptor is expressed in human sebaceous glands and rat preputial cells. J Invest Dermatol 115:614–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Thielitz A, Bukowska A, Wolke C, Vetter R, Lendeckel U, Wrenger S, Hashimoto Y, Ansorge S, Gollnick H, Reinhold D (2004) Identification of extra- and intracellular alanyl aminopeptidases as new targets to modulate keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 321:795–801

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Thielitz A, Reinhold D, Vetter R, Lendeckel U, Kähne T, Bank U, Helmuth M, Neubert K, Faust J, Hartig R, Wrenger S, Zouboulis CC, Ansorge S, Gollnick H (2007) Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) target major pathogenetic steps in acne initiation. J Invest Dermatol 127:1042–1051

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Thody AJ, Shuster S (1989) Control and function of sebaceous glands. Physiol Rev 69:383–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Toyoda M, Morohashi M (2001) Pathogenesis of acne. Med Electron Microsc 34:29–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Toyoda M, Morohashi M (2003) New aspects in acne inflammation. Dermatology 206:17–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Morohashi M (2002) Neuropeptides and sebaceous glands. Eur J Dermatol 12:422–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (2002) Sebaceous glands in acne patients express high levels of neutral endopeptidase. Exp Dermatol 11:241–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Weinstock JV, Elliott D (1998) The substance P and somatostatin interferon-gamma immunoregulatory circuit. Ann NY Acad Sci 840:532–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Weinstock JV, Elliott D (2000) The somatostatin immuno-regulatory circuit present at sites of chronic inflammation. Eur J Endocrinol 143:S15–S19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wilkin J (1988) Why is flushing limited to a mostly facial cutaneous distribution. J Am Acad Dermatol 19:309–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wilkin JK (1994) Rosacea, Pathophysiology and treatment. Arch Dermatol 130:359–362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wilkins BW, Chung LH, Tublitz NJ, Wong BJ, Minson CT (2004) Mechanisms of vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated vasodilation in human skin. J Appl Physiol 97:1291–1298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wollina U (1996) Rhinophyma — unusual expression of simple-type keratins and S100A in sebocytes and abundance of VIP receptor-positive dermal cells. Histol Histopathol 11:111–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wollina U, Abdel-Naser MB, Ganceviciene R, Zouboulis CC (2007) Receptors of eccrine, apocrine and holocrine skin glands. Dermatol Clin 25:577–588

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Yano K, Kadoya K, Kajiya K, Hong YK, Detmar M (2005) Ultraviolet B irradiation of human skin induces an angiogenic switch that is mediated by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and by downregulation of thrombospondin-1. Br J Dermatol 152:115–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Zbytek B, Mysliwski A, Slominski A, Wortsman J, Wei ET, Mysliwska J (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone affects cytokine production in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Life Sci 70:1013–1021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Zhang L, Anthonavage M, Huang Q, Li W, Eisinger M (2003) Proopiomelanocortin peptides and sebogenesis Ann NY Acad Sci 994:154–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Zhang L, Li WH, Anthonavage M, Eisinger M (2006) Melanocortin-5 receptor: a marker of human sebocyte differentiation. Peptides 27:413–420

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Zouboulis CC (2000) Human skin: an independent peripheral endocrine organ. Horm Res 54:230–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Zouboulis CC (2001) Is acne vulgaris a genuine inflammatory disease? Dermatology 203:277–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Zouboulis CC (2004) The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland. Hormones 3:9–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Zouboulis CC, Böhm M (2004) Neuroendocrine regulation of sebocytes — a pathogenetic link between stress and acne. Exp Dermatol 13(suppl 4):31–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Zouboulis CC, Xia L, Akamatsu H, Seitmann H, Fritsch M, Hornemann S, Rühl R, Chen W, Nau H, Orfanos CE (1998) The human sebocyte culture model provides new insights into development and management of seborrhoea and acne. Dermatology 196:21–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Zouboulis CC, Seitmann H, Neitzel H, Orfanos CE (1999) Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human sebaceous gland cell line (SZ95). J Invest Dermatol 113:1011–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Zouboulis CC, Seitmann H, Hiroi N, Chen W, Young M, Oeff M, Scherbaum WA, Orfanos CE, McCann SM, Bornstein SR (2002) Corticotropin releasing hormone: an autocrine hormone that promotes lipogenesis in human sebocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:7148–7153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Zouboulis CC, Eady A, Philpott M, Goldsmith LA, Orfanos C, Cunliffe WJ, Rosenfield R (2005) What is the pathogenesis of acne? Exp Dermatol 14:143–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany

    C. C. Zouboulis

Authors
  1. C. C. Zouboulis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. C. Zouboulis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Dermatology, Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., 10021, New York, NY, USA

    Richard D. Granstein MD

  2. Medizinische Einrichtungen Klinik und Poliklinik für, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany

    Thomas A. Luger MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zouboulis, C.C. (2009). Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea. In: Granstein, R.D., Luger, T.A. (eds) Neuroimmunology of the Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35989-0_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35989-0_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-35986-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35989-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation