Abstract
The vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been the mainstay of oral anticoagulant therapy for more than 50 years, warfarin being the VKA most commonly used worldwide. The longstanding popularity of the VKAs is largely based on their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), as well as the prevention of systemic embolism in patients who have mechanical heart valves or atrial fibrillation (AF).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Malhotra OP, Nesheim ME, Mann KG. The kinetics of activation of normal and gamma carboxy glutamic acid deficient prothrombins. J Biol Chem 1985;260:279–87.
Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL; American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1633–52.
Mannucci PM. Genetic control of anticoagulation. Lancet 1999;353:688–9.
Sanderson S, Emery J, Higgins J. CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: a HuGEnet systematic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2005;7:97–104.
Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2285–93.
Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interaction. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1095–106.
Gage BF, Fihn SD, White RH. Management and dosing of warfarin therapy. Am J Med 2000;109:481–8.
Baglin TP, Keeling DM, Watson HG. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation (warfarin): third edition — 2005 update. Br J Haematol 2006;132:277–85.
Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR, et al. Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 2001;119(suppl):8–21S.
Kirkwood TBL. Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:238–44.
Johnston M, Harrison L, Moffat K, et al. Reliability of the international normalized ratio for monitoring the induction phase of warfarin: comparison with the prothrombin time ratio. J Lab Clin Med 1996;128:214–17.
Heneghan C, Alonso-Coello P, Garcia-Alamino JM, et al. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2006;367:404–11.
Jones M, McEwan P, Morgan CL, et al. Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population. Heart 2005; 91:472–7.
Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Lip GY, et al.; Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Antithrombotic treatment in real-life atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3018–26.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Healthcare Ltd, a part of Springer Science+Business Media
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khoo, C.W., Lip, G.Y.H. (2010). The vitamin K antagonists and their limitations. In: Handbook of Oral Anticoagulation. Springer Healthcare, Tarporley. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-08-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-08-1_3
Publisher Name: Springer Healthcare, Tarporley
Print ISBN: 978-1-85873-452-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-908517-08-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)