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Notes
- 1.
The reason for the recent appearance of many interaction designs that focus on a specific functionality is related to the popularity of the term information appliance—although in its absoluteness, the term never fits; most devices tend to accumulate functionality—a PDA acquires telephone qualities, mobile phones are used to access shared calendars. In the literature, this tendency is described as convergence.
- 2.
Among the most active GarageBand communities are iCompositions (http://www.icompositions.com/) and MacIdol (http://www.macidol.com).
- 3.
OpenOffice.org is an office suite that was released in 2000 into the open source after StarDivision, a small German software company, had been acquired by Sun Microsystems in 1999. Since then, it has been developed both by volunteers and by employees of Sun and became a well-known competitor to Microsoft Office.
- 4.
Other perspectives, e.g., that of the “professional programmer”, tend to fear user programmers for their well-adapted but poorly engineered code which may create severe security problems (Harrison, 2004).
- 5.
Task design plays a role here; if the experimental task had required the use of features available only in the newer version, then using the newer version might have been faster, or a comparison might have been impossible.
- 6.
The experiment defined error as deviation from the ideal action path, and recovery as steps in the subsequent return to that path.
- 7.
This begins with the anecdotal wooden prototype that the Palm founder, Jeff Hawkins, carried around to show the form factor of the future device and is most visible in the many iterations that were used to optimize the click (or rather tap) interaction with the Palm applications.
- 8.
Continental Research conducted a study for Vodafone UK in 2002 indicating that half of British business travelers state that their mobile phone is their most important possession on a business trip—more important than clean underwear, a razor, or toothpaste.
During another study by Codacons Italy in 2001, 300 volunteers were parted with their mobile phones. 15 days later, 70% reported problems including loss of appetite, sexual problems, depression, and a general blow to their confidence. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,48008,00.html
- 9.
It should be noted that the result of the cited usability test cannot be traced to a single UI element, i.e. the Navi-Key might contribute to, but is not solely responsible for the better performance of the Nokia phone.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
In previous versions, Sun’s Web design guidelines (Levine, 1996) and Yale University’s Web Style Guide (Lynch, & Horton, 1999) included hints to decorate external links with icons. Parts of the Microsoft web site also follow this practice (e.g., Windows Hardware Developer Central at http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/Legend.mspx), and plug-ins for CMS systems allow the automatic decoration on the server side, e.g. for Wordpress at http://sw-guide.de/wordpress/link-indication-plugin/.
- 13.
Gibbs, a physicist and mathematician, lived from 1839 until 1903 and worked as a professor in Yale. The citation cannot be reproduced here without alluding to its original context, thermodynamics (cf. Jaynes, 1992).
- 14.
The first bricks were copycats of a British invention, the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Building Brick from 1940 and were introduced in 1949 under the label Automatic Binding Bricks. They lacked the Stud-and-Tube Coupling System that holds together today’s bricks; the tubes on the underside increase the stability of the bricks, and, most importantly, the grip on other bricks. Only thus, complex constructions were made possible and the product became a huge commercial success. (Lithgow, 1987; Hughes, 2005)
- 15.
- 16.
Examples for user-supplied drivers can be found at http://www.crynwr.com/lego-robotics/ and the operating system BrickOS is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/brickos/.
- 17.
Sketchup was an example for minimalism since 2003 for me; apparently, Google has also found the application noteworthy and bought it in 2006 (SketchUp, 2006)—now, there’s a limited free version called Google Sketchup, http://sketchup.google.com.
- 18.
It is inherently difficult to write about dynamic interaction. The 1:08 hour-long demonstration video provided by SketchUp (http://download.sketchup.com/downloads/markets/SketchUp_Live_demo.wmv) does a much better job of illustrating the rich interaction made possible.
- 19.
Users can customize the main menu of their iPod to adapt the menu structure to their preferred organization system (Kiljander, 2004, 153).
- 20.
Being somewhat of a Web 2.0 celebrity, O‘Reilly was involved in coining the term (which has recently been reserved as a service mark for CMP, a company hosting a Web 2.0 conference series together with O‘Reilly publishers).
- 21.
This is yet another fashionable term describing the combination of manipulating a documents document object model (DOM) using JavaScript with the XMLHttpRequest method that is capable of streaming data. This allows Web pages to be updated after they are loaded, requesting additional information from the server side on demand—creating a much more dynamic behavior than possible before. (Garrett, 2005)
- 22.
Jason Fried describes similarities of 37signals’s philosophy to functional minimalism: “All of our products are about doing a few simple things well and leaving out the rest. We like to solve the easy fifty to eighty percent of people’s problems and forget about the rest. You’ll never make those people happy, you’ll never totally nail that solution. Everyone always needs something a bit different and we don’t go after that.” (Fried, 2004)
- 23.
The memory maps group collects examples at http://www.flickr.com/groups/memorymaps/.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
Ragtime also canceled the unique distribution model that allowed for free copies for private use. (Ragtime, 2006a)
- 27.
Information about Illustrator is provided by Adobe at http://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator/, OmniGraffle is described at http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omnigraffle/.
- 28.
The name “Post-It Note” is a trademark of 3 M Inc. patent.
- 29.
Apart from the academic prototypes that often were not suited for productive use, there used to be some smaller companies trying to sell annotation tools for the World Wide Web (e.g. Third Voice (Weinreich et al., 2001)). Thus far, they seem to have had little economical success and have quietly disappeared. Even Microsoft pulled back their annotation mechanism “Smart Tags” (Obendorf, & Weinreich, 2003) when public protesters feared a harmful concentration of annotation services—and thus, of advertisement sources (Mossberg, 2001).
- 30.
Newer dialects often allow the definition of arbitrarily named link anchors using bracket markup. This allows external links to be integrated seamlessly within the text.
- 31.
The Portland Patterns Wiki was created by Cunningham & Cunningham, and through its intense discussions has led to well-known publications, such as Design Patterns (Gamma et al., 1995).
- 32.
The ‘paper metaphor’ refers here to the ability of word processing software to determine the layout (placement and direction) of text using a representation of a page, much resembling the resulting output when the text is sent to a printer. A more verbatim interpretation of the ‘page’, without the ability to flow text to next ‘pages’ to make room for insertions, did not find commercial acceptance (Fatton et al., 1993).
- 33.
- 34.
Microsoft’s numbers are based on the data of users who participated in the Customer Experience Improvement Program, an effort to provide quantitative data on what functionality is used in which context (Harris, 2006e). Although the CEIP collected data from millions of users, it is limited by the fact that many power users disapproved of any program that would send data back to Microsoft without their knowledge. Thus, the sample is bound to be heavily biased towards non-expert and non-corporate users.
- 35.
Comparisons like the one between Google and Yahoo’s front page fail to include the context (5.2.6). Google is a search engine. Yahoo is a directory and should be densely packed with information.
- 36.
Google, the figurehead of online simplicity, made a rare acknowledgment: sometimes in product design, more is more. The distribution of functionality across a growing number of tools was part of Google’s self-understanding, as Marissa Mayer noted, “Google has the functionality of a really complicated Swiss Army knife, but the home page is our way of approaching it closed. It’s simple, it’s elegant, you can slip it in your pocket, but it’s got the great doodad when you need it. A lot of our competitors are like a Swiss Army knife open -and that can be intimidating and occasionally harmful.” (Tischler & Mayer, 2005). After users of Google Video did not buy products, Mayer admitted an extra link would have helped people find the required functionality (Post-Intelligencer, 2006).
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Obendorf, H. (2009). Detecting the Minimal. In: Minimalism. Human-Computer Interaction Series. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-371-6_6
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