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A Role for Fetal Testosterone in Human Sex Differences

Implications for Understanding Autism

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Book cover Autism

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) may be an extreme manifestation of specific male-typical characteristics. Evidence for this theory is provided by the empathizing–systemizing (E–S) theory of sex-typical behavior, which suggests ASCs as an extreme form of the male brain (EMB). In this chapter, we review the evidence supporting EMB theory and examine the effect of hormones on the development of sex differences related to ASCs. An important candidate mechanism for the development of sex-typical behavior is the effect of fetal testosterone (f T) during pregnancy. Evidence that elevated levels of f T may be a risk factor for ASC is also discussed. Many neurodevelopmental conditions occur in males more often than females, including autism, dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and early onset persistent antisocial behavior [1]). Autism in particular has been described as an extreme manifestation of some sexually dimorphic traits or an “extreme male brain” [2]. In this chapter, we review the reasons why this condition in particular has been viewed in this light and the evidence related to it.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The American Psychiatric Association uses the term ASD for autism spectrum disorders. We prefer the use of the term ASC as those at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum who do not necessarily see themselves as having a “disorder,” and the profile of strengths and difficulties in ASC can be conceptualized as atypical but not necessarily disordered. ASC remains a medical diagnosis, hence the use of the term “condition,” which signals that such individuals need support. We feel that the use of the term ASCs is more respectful to differences; recognizes that the profile in question does not fit a simple “disease” model but includes areas of strength (e.g., in attention to detail) as well as areas of difficulty; and does not identify the individual purely in terms of the latter.

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  1. Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Rd, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK

    Bonnie Auyeung

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Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). A Role for Fetal Testosterone in Human Sex Differences. In: Autism. Current Clinical Neurology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-489-0_8

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