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Localization and Function of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 in the Retina

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Ocular Transporters In Ophthalmic Diseases And Drug Delivery

Part of the book series: Ophthalmology Research ((OPHRES))

Summary

Plasma membrane transporters, located in the presynaptic terminal and/or surrounding glial cells, terminate synaptic transmission by facilitating rapid, high-affinity uptake of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. Pharmacological blockade of transporters increases extracellular neurotransmitter levels and prolongs transmitter exposure to the receptors. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters (GATs) belong to the Na+- and Cl--dependent transporter family. Four GATs have been isolated and cloned in mammals, of which GAT-1 and GAT-3 are expressed in the retina. The GAT- 1 transporter has a widespread distribution to different retinal cell types, but it is prominently expressed in the amacrine cells of all vertebrate species studied to date. There are some species differences in the expression patterns of GAT-1 in the retina. It is expressed by horizontal cells in non-mammalian, but not in mammalian, retinas, and it is expressed in Müller glial cells of rats and guinea pigs, but not in those of rabbits and primates.

Functionally, GAT-1, together with GAT-3, regulates the extracellular GABA levels in the retina, thereby determining the level of inhibitory interactions and affecting visual processing in the retinal pathways. GAT-1 may interact with GABAC receptors on bipolar cell terminals and influence ganglion cell responses. It may also interact with GABAB receptors in the regulation of retinal waves of spontaneous activity, which are known to play critical roles during development of the visual system. Other important functional actions are exerted by GAT-1 through reversed GABA transport. These include GABA release by cholinergic/GABAergic starburst amacrine cells and GABA release during early retinal development.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, Italy

    Giovanni Casini

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  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Joyce Tombran-Tink Phd  & Joyce Tombran-Tink Phd  & 

  2. Department of Neural andBehavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

    Colin J. Barnstable Dphil  & Colin J. Barnstable Dphil  & 

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Casini, G. (2008). Localization and Function of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 in the Retina. In: Tombran-Tink, J., Barnstable, C.J. (eds) Ocular Transporters In Ophthalmic Diseases And Drug Delivery. Ophthalmology Research. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-375-2_16

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