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Operative Urology at the Cleveland Clinic pp 199–214Cite as

Ureteral Disorders in Children

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Abstract

Children with vesicoureteral reflux usually present with a urinary tract infection (UTI), although some cases are diagnosed during the evaluation of prenatally detected hydronephrosis. Approximately 25% of children with a UTI will be found to have reflux. Ultrasound is normal in 75% of children with reflux, and so children with a significant UTI are evaluated with a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Reflux is graded based on the appearance of the VCUG:

  1. Grade 1:

    Reflux into the ureter only

  2. Grade 2:

    Reflux into the kidney with no distortion of the collecting system

  3. Grade 3:

    Reflux into the kidney with blunting of the calyceal angles and/or mild ureterectasis

  4. Grade 4:

    Reflux into the kidney with hydrouretronephrosis

  5. Grade 5:

    Reflux into the kidney with marked hydroureternephrosis and ureteral tortuosity

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Pediatric Urology, The Children’s Hospital at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

    Jonathan H. Ross MD (Head)

  2. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

    Robert Kay MD (Chief of Staff)

Authors
  1. Jonathan H. Ross MD
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  2. Robert Kay MD
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH

    Andrew C. Novick MD , J. Stephen Jones MD , Inderbir S. Gill MD , Inderbir S. Gill MD , Eric A. Klein MD , Raymond Rackley MD  & Jonathan H. Ross MD , , , , ,  & 

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© 2006 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

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Ross, J.H., Kay, R. (2006). Ureteral Disorders in Children. In: Novick, A.C., et al. Operative Urology at the Cleveland Clinic. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-016-4_20

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-016-4_20

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-081-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-016-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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