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Sleep Medicine pp 205–221Cite as

Narcolepsy–Cataplexy Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia

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Abstract

Narcolepsy–cataplexy, narcolepsy without cataplexy, and idiopathic hypersomnia are three major primary hypersomnias, and these hypersomnias are currently diagnosed mostly by sleep phenotypes. Since a substantial clinical overlap among these hypersomnias has been noted, biology- and pathophysiology-based diagnostic tests are urgently needed in order to understand the mechanisms of disease and to provide better treatments.

Recent progress for understanding the pathophysiology of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) owes particularly to the discovery of narcolepsy genes (i.e., hypocretin receptor and peptide genes) in animals in 1999 and the subsequent discovery of hypocretin ligand deficiency in idiopathic cases of human narcolepsy–cataplexy. Hypocretin deficiency is also involved in many cases of symptomatic narcolepsy and EDS cases. Changes in other neurotransmitter systems, such as monoamines and acetylcholine, previously reported in these conditions, are likely to be secondary to the impaired hypocretin neurotransmission, but these may also mediate the sleep abnormalities seen in hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy and in other less-defined hypersomnias.

The pathophysiology of hypocretin nondeficient narcolepsy is debated. Similarly, the pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia is largely unknown, but hypocretin deficiency is not likely be involved in this condition.

The clinical and pathophysiological aspects of EDS with various etiology are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford University Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Drive, RM1195, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA

    Seiji Nishino MD, PhD, Masatoshi Sato MD, PhD & Mari Matsumura BS

  2. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University, Akita, Japan

    Takashi Kanbayashi MD, PhD

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  2. Masatoshi Sato MD, PhD
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  3. Mari Matsumura BS
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  4. Takashi Kanbayashi MD, PhD
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seiji Nishino MD, PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, New Jersey Neuroscience Institute JFK Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey, USA

    Sudhansu Chokroverty

  2. Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France

    Michel Billiard

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Nishino, S., Sato, M., Matsumura, M., Kanbayashi, T. (2015). Narcolepsy–Cataplexy Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia. In: Chokroverty, S., Billiard, M. (eds) Sleep Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_26

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_26

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  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2089-1

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