Skip to main content

Prognostic Indicators of Treatment Response for Adults with Anxiety

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 3122 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter discusses the prognostic indicators of treatment response for adults with anxiety. Evidence for the effect of comorbidity on the presentation of anxiety disorders and the effect on treatment outcomes is reviewed. Additional therapeutic factors that influence treatment response are presented along with treatment approaches aimed at overcoming treatment barriers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackerman, S. J., Benjamin, L. S., Beutler, L. E., Gelso, C. J., Goldfried, M. R., Hill, C., et al. (2002). Empirically supported therapy relationships: Conclusions and recommendations of the Division 29 task force. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 495–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erklani, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1071–1081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelson, D. A., & Birmaher, B. (2001). Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 67–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35, 205–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., & Nock, M. K. (2009). Why can’t we be more idiographic in our research? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 19–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 277–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A. (1991). Comorbidity and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinic sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bienvenu, O. J., & Stein, M. B. (2003). Personality and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 139–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Devineni, T., Veazey, C. H., Galvoski, T. E., Mundy, E., et al. (2003). A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 79–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bordin, E. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16, 252–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., Abel, J. A., & Newman, H. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy on comorbid conditions in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 479–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandes, M., & Bienvenu, O. (2009). Anxiety disorders and personality disorders comorbidity. In M. M. Antony, M. B. Stein, M. M. Antony, & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 587–595). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D. A., Kolko, D. J., Birmaher, B., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., Roth, C., et al. (1998). Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 906–914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., & Klein, D. P. (1999). Smoking and panic attacks: An epidemiologic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1141–1147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). Diagnostic comorbidity in panic disorder: Effect on treatment outcome and course of comorbid diagnoses following treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 408–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Comorbidity among anxiety disorders: Implications for treatment and DSM-IV. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 835–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 585–599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., et al. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179–1187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, J. D. (2009). Motivation enhancement therapy can increase utilization of cognitive-behavioral therapy: The case of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 1195–1206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, A., McLeod, B., Har, K., & Wood, J. (2009). Child–therapist alliance and clinical outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 751–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Andreasen, N. C., Keller, M. B., Clayton, P. J., Hirschfeld, R. M., et al. (1988). Depression and panic attacks: The significance of overlap as reflected in follow-up and family study data. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 293–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (pp. 1–53). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crits-Christoph, P., & Barber, J. P. (2002). Psychological treatments for personality disorders. In P. E. Nathan & J. M. Gorman (Eds.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 611–623). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreessen, L., & Arntz, A. (1998). The impact of personality disorders on treatment outcome of anxiety disorders: Best-evidence synthesis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 483–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., Langlois, F., Provencer, M. D., Boisvert, J. M., et al. (2001, November). Efficacy of group CBT for adults with GAD. Poster presented at the 35th Annual Association for the AABT Convention, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emslie, G. J., Weinberg, W. A., & Mayes, T. L. (1998). Treatment of children with antidepressants: Focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Depression and Anxiety, 8(Suppl. 1), 13–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, D. H. (2003). Group cognitive behavioural therapy for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 179–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, D. H., Janeck, A. S., & Tallman, K. (2007). A cognitive-behavioral group for patient with various anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services, 58, 1205–1211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fauerbach, J. A., Lawrence, J. W., Schmidt, C., Jr., Munster, A. M., & Costa, P., Jr. (2000). Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 510–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, M. S. (2004). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural group therapy in patients with anxiety disorders. Psychology in Spain, 8, 89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (1998). Toward a more clinically valid approach to therapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 143–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, R. D., Brook, J. S., & Cohen, P. (2005). Panic attacks and the risk of personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35, 227–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Blanco, C., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S., Goldstein, R. B., et al. (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1351–1361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S., Hope, D., VanDyke, M., & Heimberg, R. (2007). Working alliance for clients with social anxiety disorder: Relationship with session helpfulness and within-session habituation. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 34–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Kraemer, H. C., & Taylor, C. (2000). Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 207–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hembree, E. A., Foa, E. B., Dorfan, N. M., Street, G. P., Kowalski, J., & Tu, X. (2003). Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 555–562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfield, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Clayton, P. J., Keller, M. B., McDonald-Scott, P., & Larkin, B. H. (1983). Assessing personality: Effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 695–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huppert, J. D. (2009). Anxiety disorders and depression comorbidity. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 576–586). New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasen, S., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Johnson, J. G., Smailes, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001). Childhood depression and adult personality disorder: Alternative pathways of continuity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 231–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Mueller, T. I., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Hirschfeld, R. M., et al. (1992). Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Kortlander, E., Chansky, T. E., & Brady, E. U. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Treatment implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 869–880.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kertes, A., Westra, H. A., Angus, L., & Marcus, M. (2010). The impact of motivational interviewing on client experiences of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Lui, J., Swartz, M., & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokotovic, A., & Tracey, T. (1990). Working alliance in the early phase of counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopta, S. M., Howard, K. I., Lowry, J. L., & Beutler, L. E. (1994). Patterns of symptomatic recovery in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1009–1016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kringlen, E. (1965). Obsessional neurotics. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 709–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, R. F. (1999). Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: A prospective-epidemiological study. Journal of Personality, 67, 39–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, M. G., Abrams, K., & Borchardt, C. (2000). The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: A review of major perspectives and findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 149–171.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, M. G., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 685–695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 133–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 510–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Zinbarg, R., Seeley, J. R., Lewinsohn, M., & Sack, W. H. (1997). Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 377–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liber, J., McLeod, B., Van Widenfelt, B., Goedhart, A., van der Leeden, A., Utens, E., et al. (2010). Examining the relation between the therapeutic alliance, treatment adherence, and outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders. Behavior Therapy, 41, 172–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, W. H. (1967). A follow-up study of obsessional neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 823–832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso, D. M., Townsend, M. H., & Mercante, D. E. (1993). Long-term follow-up of generalized anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 441–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E., & Shafran, R. (2009). Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 6–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marciniak, M. D., Lage, M. J., Dunayevich, E., Russell, J. M., Bowman, L., Landbloom, R. P., et al. (2005). The cost of treating anxiety: The medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs. Depression and Anxiety, 21, 178–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maser, J. D., & Cloninger, C. R. (1990). Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, P. M., Nathan, P., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments: A review of published outcome studies and future research directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 20–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGlashan, T. H., Grilo, C. M., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., Morey, L. C., et al. (2000). The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: Baseline axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 256–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, P. D., Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S., Taylow, S., Soechting, I., Koch, W. J., et al. (2001). Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 205–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeish, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Del Ben, K. S., & Burke, R. S. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the association between smoking rate and panic-relevant symptoms among a community sample of middle-aged adult daily smokers. The American Journal on Addictions, 18, 93–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., Dierker, L. C., & Szamari, P. (1998). Psychopathology among offspring of parents with substance abuse and/or anxiety disorders: A high risk study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 95, 711–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minichiello, W. E., Baer, L., & Jenike, M. A. (1987). Schizotypal personality disorder: A poor prognostic indicator for behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 273–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P. M., & Moss, S. J. (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 12–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moras, K., & Strupp, H. (1982). Pretherapy interpersonal relations, patients’ alliance, and outcome in brief therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 405–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, P. J., Asmundson, G. J., Cox, B. J., & Norton, G. R. (2000). Future directions in anxiety disorders: Profiles and perspectives of leading contributors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 69–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, P. J., Hayes, S. A., & Hope, D. A. (2004). Effects of a transdiagnostic group treatment for anxiety on secondary depressive disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 20, 198–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, P. J., & Hope, D. A. (2005). Preliminary evaluation of a broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 79–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, P. J., & Price, E. P. (2007). A meta-analytic review of cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 521–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olfson, M., Guardino, M., Struening, E., Schneier, F. R., Hellman, F., & Klein, D. F. (2000). Barriers to the treatment of social anxiety. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 521–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozkan, M., & Altindag, A. (2005). Comorbid personality disorders in subjects with panic disorder: Do personality disorders increase clinical severity? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkonis, P. A., Heape, C. L., Ruddy, J., & Serrao, P. (1991). Validity in the diagnosis of personality disorders. The use of the LEAD standard. Psychological Assessment, 3, 46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, C. L., Book, S. W., Carrigan, M. H., & Thomas, S. E. (2008). Treatment of co-occurring alcoholism and social anxiety disorder. In S. H. Stewart & P. J. Conrod (Eds.), Anxiety and substance use disorders: The vicious cycle of comorbidity (pp. 139–155). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J., Noyes, R., Coryell, W., & O’Gorman, T. W. (1986). The effect of state anxiety on personality measurement. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 760–763.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J., Warshaw, M., Peterson, L. G., White, K., Keller, M., Lavori, P., et al. (1993). Comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 27, 23–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. S., & Foa, E. B. (2008). Treatment for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. In S. H. Stewart & P. J. Conrod (Eds.), Anxiety and substance use disorders: The vicious cycle of comorbidity (pp. 119–137). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, P., Clarke, G. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Kaufman, N. K. (2001). Impact of comorbidity on a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 795–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: Diversity and integration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 233–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, W. C., Wetzler, S., Beck, A. T., & Betz, F. (1994). Prevalence of personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 51, 167–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055–1085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shafran, R., McManus, F., & Lee, M. (2008). A case of anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (ADNOS): A transdiagnostic approach. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 256–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, H. B., Zuckoff, A., Page, J., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2008). Adding motivational interviewing to exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open pilot trial. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, 37, 38–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Hyler, S. E., Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., Gallaher, P. E., et al. (1995). Patterns of anxiety and personality disorder comorbidity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 361–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. J., Hollander, E., & Skodol, A. E. (1993). Anxiety disorders and personality disorders: A review. Journal of Personality Disorders, 7, 87–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 83–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. H., & Kushner, M. G. (2001). Introduction to the special issue on “Anxiety sensitivity and addictive behaviors”. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 775–785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. M. (1987). The effects of personality disorder diagnoses on the outcome of social anxiety symptom reduction. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 136–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hout, M., Brouwers, C., & Oomen, J. (2006). Clinically diagnosed axis II co-morbidity and the short term outcome of CBT for axis I disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 56–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanDyke, M. M. (2002). Contribution of working alliance to manual-based treatment of social anxiety disorder. Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, M., & Beech, H. R. (1985). Which obsessionals fail to change. In D. T. Mays & C. M. Franks (Eds.), Negative outcome in psychotherapy and what to do about it (pp. 195–198). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, W. R., Freeman, R. F., & Christensen, D. K. (1994). Restricting environmental stimulation (REST) to enhance cognitive behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder with schizotypal personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 25, 709–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R. D., Najavits, L. M., & Hennessy, G. (2004). Overview of treatment modalities for dual-diagnosis patients: Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and 12-step programs. In H. R. Kranzler & B. J. Rounsaville (Eds.), Dual diagnosis and psychiatric treatment: Substance abuse and comorbid disorders (2nd ed., pp. 103–128). New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westra, H. A., & Dozois, D. A. (2006). Preparing clients for cognitive behavioral therapy: A randomized pilot study of motivational interviewing for anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 481–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen, H. U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1994). DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 355–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woody, S., & Adessky, R. (2002). Therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and homework compliance during cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia. Behavior Therapy, 33, 5–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahradnik, M., & Stewart, S. H. (2009). Anxiety disorders and substance use disorder comorbidity. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 565–575). New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Panic disorder and smoking. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 29–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter J. Norton Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mathew, A.R., Chamberlain, L.D., Szafranski, D.D., Smith, A.H., Norton, P.J. (2013). Prognostic Indicators of Treatment Response for Adults with Anxiety. In: Storch, E., McKay, D. (eds) Handbook of Treating Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics