Abstract
Despite a growing body of scholarship examining LGBTQ parenting and families, surprisingly little research has focused on the specific experiences of bisexual-identified parents. Rather, bisexual parents have been excluded from parenting research, or made invisible through collapsing them with lesbian- or gay-identified parents. In this chapter, we attempt to address this gap in LGBTQ parenting research by (a) describing a recent literature search of multiple health and social sciences databases to establish the current state of the research on bisexual parenting; (b) reviewing related research and scholarship that have touched on the experiences of bisexual parents, including two studies conducted by our own team; (c) speculating about some of the key issues and concerns faced by bisexual parents, based on the available data; and (d) identifying key future directions for research in this field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Anders, M. (2005). Miniature golf. Journal of Bisexuality, 5, 111–117. doi:10.1300/J159v05n02_13
Ault, A. (1994). Hegemonic discourse in an oppositional community: Lesbian feminists and bisexuality. Critical Sociology, 20, 107–122. doi:10.1177/089692059402000306
Bajko, M. S. (2010, January 14). Children key in Prop 8 trial. Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved from http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=4473
Barker, M., Bowes-Catton, H., Iantaffi, A., Cassidy, A., & Brewer, L. (2008). British bisexuality: A snapshot of bisexual representations and identities in the United Kingdom. Journal of Bisexuality, 8, 141–162. doi:10.1080/15299710802143026
Barker, M., & Langdridge, D. (2008). II. Bisexuality: Working with a silenced sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 18, 389–394. doi:10.1177/0959353508092093
Blanco, M. C. (2009). What I did on my ten-year vacation. Bi Women, 27(1), 1–6. Retrieved from http://www.robynochs.com/Bi_Women/Bi_Women_V27-1_DJF_09_web.pdf
Brand, K. (2001). Coming out successfully in the Netherlands. Journal of Bisexuality, 1, 59–67. doi:10.1300/J159v01n04_05
Brennan, D. J., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Steele, L. S. (2010). Men’s sexual orientation and health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101, 255–258http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/2361/2118.
Brewster, M. E., & Moradi, B. (2010). Perceived experiences of anti-bisexual prejudice: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 451–468. doi:10.1037/a0021116
Cahill, S., Gay, N., & Institute, Lesbian Task Force Policy. (2003). Family policy: Issues affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender families. New York, NY: National Gay & Lesbian Task Force.
Costello, C. Y. (1997). Conceiving identity: Bisexual, lesbian and gay parents consider their children’s sexual orientations. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 24, 63–89.
Eady, A., Ross, L. E., Epstein, R., & Anderson, S. (2009). To bi or not to bi: Bisexuality and disclosure in the adoption system. In R. Epstein (Ed.), Who’s your daddy? And other writings on queer parenting (pp. 124–132). Toronto, ON: Sumach Press.
Epstein, R. (2009). Who’s your daddy and other writings on queer parenting. Toronto, ON: Sumach Press.
Epstein, R., Idems, B., & Schwartz, A. (2009). Reading, writing and resilience: Queer spawn speak out about school. In R. Epstein (Ed.), Who’s your daddy? And other writings on queer parenting (pp. 215–232). Toronto, ON: Sumach Press.
Fassinger, R. E., & Arseneau, J. R. (2007). “I’d rather get wet than be under that umbrella”: Differentiating the experiences and identities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. In K. J. Bieschke, R. M. Perez, & K. A. DeBord (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients (2nd ed., pp. 19–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Firestein, B. A. (1996). Bisexuality as paradigm shift: Transforming our disciplines. In B. A. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 263–291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Firestein, B. A. (2007). Becoming visible: Counseling bisexuals across the lifespan. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Gates, G. J., Badgett, M. V. L., Macomber, J. E., & Chambers, K. (2007). Adoption and foster care by gay and lesbian parents in the United States. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute.
Goldberg, A. E. (2007). Talking about family: Disclosure practices of adults raised by lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 100–131. doi:10.1177/0192513X06293606
Goldberg, A. E. (2010). Lesbian and gay parents and their children: Research on the family life cycle. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Barkan, S. E., Balsam, K. F., & Mincer, S. L. (2010). Disparities in health-related quality of life: A comparison of lesbians and bisexual women. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 2255–2261. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177329
Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 264–274. doi:10.1080/00224490209552150
Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., & Mcnair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: Comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 824–831. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.009
Hutchins, L., & Kaahumanu, L. (Eds.). (1991). Bi any other name: Bisexual people speak out. Boston, MA: Alyson.
Johnson, S. R., Smith, E. M., & Guenther, S. M. (1987). Parenting desires among bisexual women and lesbians. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 32, 198–200.
Jones, B., & Jones, P. (1991). Growing up with a bisexual dad. In L. Hutchins & L. Kaahumanu (Eds.), Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual people speak out (pp. 159–166). Boston, MA: Alyson.
King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., et al. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Oxford, England: Saunders.
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. M. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
Kitzinger, C., D’Augelli, A. R., & Patterson, C. J. (1995). Social constructionism: Implications for lesbian and gay psychology. In A. R. D’Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 136–161). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Klein, F. (1993). The bisexual option (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harrington Park Press.
Lahey, K. A. (1999). Are we ‘persons’ yet?: Law and sexuality in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Langbein, L., & Yost, M. A. (2009). Same-sex marriage and negative externalities. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 292–308. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00618.x
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lee, A. (Director) (2006). Brokeback Mountain [Motion Picture]. Alliance Atlantis: Universal City, CA.
Li, W., Dobinson, C., & Ross, L. E. (2012). Unique issues bisexual people face in intimate relationships: A descriptive exploration of lived experience. Unpublished manuscript.
Mallon, G. P. (2011). The home study assessment process for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender prospective adoptive and foster families. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 7, 9–29. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2011.537229
McClellan, D. L. (2006). Bisexual relationships and families. In D. F. Morrow & L. Messinger (Eds.), Sexual orientation & gender expression in social work practice: Working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, & transgender people (pp. 243–262). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Meyer, M. D. E. (2009). ‘I’m just trying to find my way like most kids’: Bisexuality, adolescence and the drama of One Tree Hill. Sexuality & Culture, 13, 237–251. doi:10.1007/s12119-009-9056-z
Meyer, I. H., Rossano, L., Ellis, J. M., & Bradford, J. (2002). A brief telephone interview to identify lesbian and bisexual women in random digit dialing sampling. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 139–144. doi:10.1080/00224490209552133
Mosher, W. D., Chandra, A., & Jones, J. (2005). Sexual behavior and selected health measures: Men and women 15–44 years of age, United States, 2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics; no 362. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Murray, P. D., & McClintock, K. (2005). Children of the closet: A measurement of the anxiety and self-esteem of children raised by a non-disclosed homosexual or bisexual parent. Journal of Homosexuality, 49, 77–95. doi:10.1300/J082v49n01_04
Nicholson, J., Sweeney, E. M., & Geller, J. L. (1998). Mothers with mental illness: I. The competing demands of parenting and living with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 49, 635–642.
Oliver, K. (2010). Motherhood, sexuality, and pregnant embodiment: Twenty-five years of gestation. Hypatia, 25, 760–777. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01134.x
Paiva, V., Filipe, E. V., Santos, N., Lima, T. N., & Segurado, A. (2003). The right to love: The desire for parenthood among men living with HIV. Reproductive Health Matters, 11, 91–100.
Parks, C. A., Hughes, T. L., & Werkmeister-Rozas, L. (2009). Defining sexual identity and sexual orientation in research with lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. In W. Meezan & J. L. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of research with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations (pp. 71–99). New York, NY: Routledge.
Richardson, J. (2005). And Tango makes three. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.
Richman, K. (2002). Lovers, legal strangers, and parents: Negotiating parental and sexual identity in family law. Law and Society Review, 36, 285–324.
Rodriguez Rust, P. C. (2009). No more lip service: How to really include bisexuals in research on sexuality. In W. Meezan & J. I. Martin (Eds.), Handbook of research with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations (pp. 100–130). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., & Eady, A. (2010). Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 496–502. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307
Ross, L. E., Siegel, A., Dobinson, C., Epstein, R., & Steele, L. S. (2012). ‘I don’t want to turn totally invisible’: Mental health, stressors and supports among bisexual women during the perinatal period. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 8(2), 137–154.
Ryan, D., & Martin, A. (2000). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents in the school systems. School Psychology Review, 29, 207–216.
Sears, J. T. (2005). Youth, education, and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (Vol. 1: A-J). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Snow, J. E. (2004). How it feels to have a gay or lesbian parent: A book by kids for kids of all ages. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.
Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66, 159–183.
Statistics Canada (2004, June 15). First information on sexual orientation. The Daily. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/040615/dq040615b-eng.htm
Steele, L. S., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Tinmouth, J. M. (2009). Women’s sexual orientation and health: Results from a Canadian population-based survey. Women & Health, 49, 353–367. doi:10.1080/03630240903238685
Steele, L., Ross, L. E., Epstein, R., Strike, C., & Goldfinger, C. (2008). Correlates of mental health service use among lesbian and bisexual mothers and prospective mothers. Women & Health, 47, 95–112. doi:10.1080/03630240802134225
Tasker, F. (2005). Lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children: A review. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 26, 224–240.
Tjepkema, M. (2008). Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians. Health Reports, 19, 53–64. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/82-003-x2008001-eng.html
Tye, M. C. (2003). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents: Special considerations for the custody and adoption evaluator. Family Court Review, 41, 92–103. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.2003.tb00871.x
Ulrich, L. (2011). Bisexual invisibility: Impacts and recommendations. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Human Rights Commission.
United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (2002). National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle VI. Analyses conducted by Naomi Goldberg, The Williams Institute.
Weber, S. (2010). A stigma identification framework for family nurses working with parents who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered and their families. Journal of Family Nursing, 16, 378–393. doi:10.1177/1074840710384999
Weise, E. R. (Ed.). (1992). Closer to home: Bisexuality & feminism. Seattle, WA: Seal Press.
Wells, J. (2011). Tuxedo shirts. Bi Women, 29, 8. Retrieved from http://biwomenboston.org/2010/12/01/tuxedo-shirts/.
Yonkers, K. A., Vigod, S., & Ross, L. E. (2011). Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 117, 961–977. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821187a7
Yoshino, K. (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 52, 353–461.
Youth Leadership and Action Program of COLAGE. (2003). Tips for making classrooms safer for students with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and/or queer parents. COLAGE. Retrieved from http://pride.lusu.ca/pdf/Educators/safe_classrooms.pdf.
Acknowledgment
We wish to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals: Sheila LaCroix for her assistance with the literature search, Allison Eady and Sarah James-Abra for assistance with screening abstracts and manuscript preparation, Margaret Robinson for helping to identify additional sources and providing helpful feedback on an earlier draft, and participants in the academic_bi yahoo group, whose discussions informed our thinking about potentially unique issues and experiences for bisexual parents. This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Award HPI-66922, and grants from the Institute of Gender and Health (IGH), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR 2005-11-HOA-1988721), the Fonds Quebecois de Recherche sur la Societe et la Culture (FQRSC 111796) awarded to the research team SVR (http://www.svr.uqam.ca). L. Ross is supported by a New Investigator Award from CIHR and the Ontario Women’s Health Council, Award NOW-84656. In addition, support to CAMH for salary of scientists and infrastructure has been provided by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ross, L.E., Dobinson, C. (2013). Where Is the “B” in LGBT Parenting? A Call for Research on Bisexual Parenting. In: Goldberg, A., Allen, K. (eds) LGBT-Parent Families. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4556-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4555-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4556-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)