Abstract
The threat of an accidental or intentional contaminant intrusion into a drinking water distribution system is of significant concern. Drinking water contamination has the potential to reach many individuals who are connected to the distribution system by their water use, and current monitoring is insufficient to detect most contamination events. Chlorine residuals maintained in pipes as treated water is conveyed to consumers provide protection from small-scale intrusions. Monitoring these residuals is important for operational control and has the potential for providing early warning of contaminant intrusions. In order to use online real-time chlorine detection as part of a security system, a utility must have an accurate map of their distribution system along with corresponding operational parameters in order to assess vulnerabilities. Further, they must have a predictive model of chlorine concentrations throughout the system under many different dynamic scenarios. This enables prediction of expected chlorine at sensor locations and thus determination of “alarm” conditions. Finally, to counter the possibility of low chlorine residual concentrations, some distribution systems have installed chlorine booster stations. In this chapter, we evaluate the steps a utility can take from initial vulnerability assessment through installation and operation of chlorine sensors and boosters. For security reasons, simulated distribution systems are used in examples rather than an actual case study.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NSF Grant Number BES-0329549 and by the Center for Water Quality in Urban Environmental Systems (Water QUEST) at Carnegie Mellon University.
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VanBriesen, J.M., Parks, S.L.I., Helbling, D.E., McCoy, S.T. (2011). Chlorine Residual Management for Water Distribution System Security. In: Clark, R., Hakim, S., Ostfeld, A. (eds) Handbook of Water and Wastewater Systems Protection. Protecting Critical Infrastructure, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0189-6_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0189-6_11
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