Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Success in Academic Surgery: Clinical Trials pp 141–152Cite as

The History of Clinical Trials

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Success in Academic Surgery ((SIAS))

Abstract

Clinical trials are sets of tests in medical research which help determine efficacy and safety of various interventions, including drugs, diagnostics, procedures, and devices. Clinical trials evolved over time along with medicine, from ancient times to the modern era. They have undergone significant changes both in form and in ethics, with increased regulation and safety awareness. This chapter provides a brief look at the storied evolution of clinical trials of the modern world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Green S, Benedetti J, Crowley J. Clinical trials in oncology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Newnes G. The art Bible: comprising the old and new testaments : with numerous illustrations, vol. 1. London: G. Newnes; 1796. p. 946 (Google eBook).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Snowden F. Classical views of disease: Hippocrates, Galen and Humoralism, Epidemics in Western Society since 1600 (Yale HIST 234). http://www.academicearth.org/lectures/classical-views-of-disease-hippocrates-galen-and-humoralism. Retrieved 23 Dec 2012.

  4. Tuke JB. Hippocrates. In: Chisholm H, editor. Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 13. 11th ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1911. p. 517–9.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Garrison FH. History of medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Flannery M. “Avicenna”. 2007. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna. Retrieved 9 Sept 2013.

  7. Lind J. A treatise of the scurvy in three parts. Containing an inquiry into the nature, causes and cure of that disease, together with a critical and chronological view of what has been published on the subject. London: A. Millar; 1753, as transcribed by Lars Bruzelius, publically available, http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Medicine/Lind%281753%29.html. Retrieved 23 Dec 2012.

  8. Hopkins DR. The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Amberson JB, McMahon BT, Pinner M. A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc. 1931;24:401–35.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brock BL. The sanocrysin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in the white and negro races. Am Rev Tuberc. 1931;24:436–45.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Marshall G, Crofton JW, Hurford JV, Brent RH, Ross ID, Santon Gilmour W, Nash FA, Thomas DME. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a medical research council investigation. Br Med J. 1948;30:769–82.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Meldrum M. “A calculated risk”: the Salk polio vaccine field trials of 1954. Br Med J. 1998;317:1233–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Vollman J, Winau R. Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg code: Nuremberg doctors trial. Br Med J. 1996;313:1445–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Rid A, Schmidt H. The 2008 Declaration of Helsinki — first among equals in research ethics? J Law Med Ethics. 2010;38(1):143–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jones J. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment – a moral astigmatism. In: Harding S, editor. The racial economy of science: toward a democratic future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1993. p. 275–86.

    Google Scholar 

  16. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html. Retrieved 1 Feb 2013.

  17. http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/docs/page_03.html. Retrieved 10 Jan 2013.

  18. “Medicine: Radium Drinks”. Time magazine. April 11, 1932. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743525,00.html. Retrieved 26 Dec 2012.

  19. http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/Milestones/ucm128305.htm. Retrieved 31 Dec 2012.

  20. Hamowy R. Medical disasters and the growth of the FDA. Independent Policy Reports. Published by The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  21. http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/drugefficacy.html. Retrieved 31 Dec 2012.

  22. Krantz Jr JC. New drugs and the Kefauver-Harris amendment. J New Drugs. 1966;6(22):77–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/pmaapprovals/default.htm. Retrieved 31 Dec 2012.

  24. Bösch H. Reanalyzing a meta-analysis on extra-sensory perception dating from 1940, the first comprehensive meta-analysis in the history of science. In: Schmidt S, editor. Proceedings of the 47th annual convention of the Parapsychological Association. Vienna: University of Vienna; 2004. p. 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Glass GV. Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educ Res. 1975;5(10):3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  26. http://swog.org/visitors/history.asp. Retrieved 31 Dec 2012.

  27. Kelahan AM, Catalano R, Marinucci D. The history, structure, and achievement of the Cancer Cooperative Groups. Managed Care Cancer. 2001:28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rubin E, Lazar D. Clinical trials office: what is new in research administration? Published by the Association for Academic Health Centers; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Volpe M, Tocci G, Pagannone E. Fewer mega-trials and more clinically oriented studies in hypertension research? The case of blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(4 Suppl 2):S36–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Avicenna (al-Husain b. Abdallah Ibn Sina, d. 1037). Online Vatican exhibit. http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/f-medicine_bio/Medicine_2.html (Public Domain).

  31. Horne CF. Great men and famous women: a series of pen and pencil sketches of the lives of more than 200 of the most prominent personages in history. New York: S. Hess; 1894 (United States public domain).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC #2945, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Sanziana Roman MD, FACS

Authors
  1. Sanziana Roman MD, FACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sanziana Roman MD, FACS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, USA

    Timothy M. Pawlik

  2. Department of Surgery,, Duke University School of Medicine,, Durham, North Carolina, USA

    Julie A. Sosa

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roman, S. (2014). The History of Clinical Trials. In: Pawlik, T., Sosa, J. (eds) Success in Academic Surgery: Clinical Trials. Success in Academic Surgery. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4679-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4679-7_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4678-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4679-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation