Born Königsberg (Kaliningrad, Russia), 12 March 1824
Died Berlin, Germany, 17 October 1887
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Boltzmann, L. (1905). “Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.” Populäre Schriften 51–75. (Includes interesting personal reminiscences on Kirchhoff.)
Hentschel, Klaus (2002). Mapping the Spectrum: Techniques of Visual Respresentation in Research and Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1876–1894). Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. 4 Vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
— (1882). Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Leipzig: J. A. Barth. (The editing of Kirchhoff’s papers and essays was completed by Ludwig Boltzmann, with editions published between 1882 and 1891.)
McGucken, W. (1969). Nineteenth-Century Spectroscopy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Chap. 1. (For a good, in-context discussion of Kirchhoff’s work in spectral analysis.)
Meadows, A. J. (1970). Early Solar Physics. Oxford: Pergamon Press, Chap. 2. (Includes English translations of two important papers by Kirchhoff on spectrum analysis and the theory of heat.)
Rosenfeld, L. (1973). “Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles Coulston Gillispie. Vol. 7, pp. 379–383. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Schuster, A. (1932). Biographical Fragments. London: MacMillan and Co., pp. 216–220.
Siegel, Daniel M. (1976). “Balfour Stewart and Gustav Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to ‘Kirchhoff’s Radiation Law.’” Isis 67: 565–600.
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Charbonneau, P. (2014). Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert. In: Hockey, T., et al. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_776
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