Abstract
Digital communication tools, such as email, instant messaging, text messaging, games, and social networking sites are very popular among adolescents. Youth use them to interact and communicate with their peers as well as their family members. In this chapter, we explore the role of technology in the third task facing adolescents: that of developing intimacy and interconnections with the people in their lives. We consider the mediating role of technology in three important relationships in young people’s lives: friendships and peer group relationships, romantic relationships (dating), and relationships within the family. First, we describe their use of online contexts to interact with their friends and other peers. Because of concerns about purely online friendships, we examine separately their online interactions with offline friends and acquaintances as well as their online relationships with peers, who are not part of their offline world, and the quality of such purely online relationships. Then we describe adolescents’ online romantic relationships, and reflecting extant research, will focus on those that are purely online. The final section will describe technology and teens’ relationships with their family, with a special emphasis on how teens’ status as the technology expert may be altering traditional family dynamics and relationships. The chapter concludes by raising questions about whether adolescents’ online interactions with their peers may transform their friendships and disrupt their family relationships.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Annenberg Public Policy Center. (2006, September). Stranger contact in adolescent online social networks. Philadelphia: Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 19, 2009, from http://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/Downloads/Releases/Release_HC20060920/Report_HC20060920.pdf
Bee, H. L. (1994). Lifespan development. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.
Boneva, S. S., Quinn, A., Kraut, E. R., Kiesler, S., & Shklovski, I. (2006). Teenage communication in the instant messaging era. In R. E. Kraut (Ed.), Information technology at home (pp. 612–672). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bouchey, H. A., & Furman, W. (2004). Dating and romantic experiences in adolescence. In R. G. Adams & M. D. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Oxford: Blackwell.
Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 363–394). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Brown, B. B., & Klute, C. (2004). Friendships, cliques, and crowds. In M. R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Buhrmester, D., & Prager, K. (1995). Patterns and functions of self-disclosure during childhood and adolescence. In K. J. Rotenberg (Ed.), Disclosure processes in children and adolescents (pp. 10–56). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Chan, D. K. S., & Cheng, G. H. L. (2004). A comparison of offline and online friendship qualities at different stages of relationship development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 305–320.
Dunphy, D. C. (1963). The social structure of urban adolescent peer groups. Sociometry, 26, 230–246.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis (1st ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Furman, W., Brown, B. B., & Feiring, C. (1999). Contemporary perspectives on adolescent romantic relationships. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Giordano, P. C. (1995). The wider circle of friends in adolescence. The American Journal of Sociology, 101, 661–697.
Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 633–649.
Kaare, B. H., Brandtzaeg, P. B., Heim, J., & Endestad, T. (2007). In the borderland between family orientation and peer culture: The use of communication technologies among Norwegian tweens. New Media & Society, 9, 603–624.
Kennedy, T. L. M., Smith, A., Wells, A. T., & Wellman, B. (2008). Networked families. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media/Files/Reports/2008/PIP_Networked_Family.pdf.pdf.
Kraut, R. E., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49–74.
Kraut, R. E., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53, 1017–1031.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Social networking websites and teens: An overview. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved November 3, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_SNS_Data_Memo_Jan_2007.pdf
Ling, R., & Yttri, B. (2006). Control, emancipation, and status: The mobile telephone in teens’ parental and peer relationships. In R. E. Kraut, M. Brynin, & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Computers, phones, and the Internet: Domesticating information technology (pp. 219–235). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Macgill, A. R. (2007). Parent and teenager Internet use. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Teen_Parents_data_memo_Oct2007.pdf
Mesch, G. S. (2003). The family and the Internet: The Israeli case. Social Science Quarterly, 84, 1039–1050.
Mesch, G. S. (2006a). Family characteristics and intergenerational conflicts over the Internet. Information, Communication and Society, 9, 473–495.
Mesch, G. S. (2006b). Family relations and the Internet: Exploring a family boundaries approach. Journal of Family Communication, 6, 119–138.
Mesch, G. S., & Talmud, I. (2006). The quality of online and offline relationships: The role of multiplexity and duration of social relationships. Information Society, 22, 137–148.
Mesch, G. S., & Talmud, I. (2007). Similarity and the quality of online and offline social relationships among adolescents in Israel. Journal of Research on Adolescence (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 17, 455–465.
Miller, B. C., & Benson, B. (1999). Romantic and sexual relationship development during adolescence. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ochs, E., Graesch, A. P., Mittman, A., Bradbury, T., & Repetti, R. (2006). Video ethnogroaphy and ethnoarcheological tracking. In E. E. Kossek & S. Sweet (Eds.), The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp. 387–409). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M., & Schouten, A. P. (2005). Developing a model of adolescent friendship formation on the Internet. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8, 423–430.
Pombeni, M. L., Kirchler, E., & Palmonari, A. (1990). Identification with peers as a strategy to muddle through the troubles of the adolescent years. Journal of Adolescence, 13, 351–369.
Rainie, L., & Kohut, A. (2000). Tracking online life: How women use the Internet to cultivate relationships with family and friends. The Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved October, 31, 2008 from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2000/Report1.pdf.pdf
Rambaree, K. (2008). Internet-mediated dating/romance of mauritian early adolescents: A grounded theory analysis. International Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, 6, 34–59.
Reich, S. M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Espinoza, G. E. (2009, April 3). Adolescents’ use of social networking sites – Should we be concerned? Paper presented at the Society for Research on Child Development, Denver, CO.
Ribak, R. (2009). Remote control, umbilical cord and beyond: The mobile phone as a transitional object. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 183–196.
Rosen, L. D. (2007). Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the net generation. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ryan, A. M. (2001). The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement. Child Development, 72, 1135–1150.
Šmahel, D. (2003). Psychologie a Internet: Děti dospělými, dospělí dětmi. [Psychology and Internet: Children being adults, adults being children.]. Prague: Triton.
Šmahel, D., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2007). “Any girls want to chat press 911”: Partner selection in monitored and unmonitored teen chat rooms. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10, 346–353.
Šmahel, D., & Vesela, M. (2006). Interpersonal attraction in the virtual environment. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 50, 174–186.
Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Subrahmanyam, K., Garcia, E. C., Harsono, S. L., Li, J., & Lipana, L. (2009). In their words: Connecting online weblogs to developmental processes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, 219–245.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. M. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. The Future of Children, 18, 119–146.
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 420–433.
Thornton, A. (1990). The courtship process and adolescent sexuality. Journal of Family Issues, 11, 239–273.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents’ and adolescents’ online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43, 267–277.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 1–5.
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 584–590.
Wallace, P. M. (1999). The psychology of the Internet. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Mitchell, K. (2008). Is talking online to unknown people always risky? Distinguishing online Interaction styles in a national sample of youth Internet users. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11, 340–343.
Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2002). Close online relationships in a national sample of adolescents. Adolescence, 37, 441.
Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2003). Escaping or connecting? Characteristics of youth who form close online relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 105–119.
Yum, Y.-O., & Hara, K. (2005). Computer-mediated relationship development: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11, 133–152.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Subrahmanyam, K., Šmahel, D. (2011). Intimacy and the Internet: Relationships with Friends, Romantic Partners, and Family Members. In: Digital Youth. Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6278-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6278-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6277-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6278-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)