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Cosmic Biology pp 295–309Cite as

Anticipating the Future

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Abstract

Our material universe, as best we can tell, is around 13.7 billion years old. Our Solar System has existed for about a third of that time. Thus, the possibility that life has had much longer than we have had to evolve in other regions of the cosmos is obvious. But has it, and is it still there?

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References

  1. Schulze-Makuch D. and Irwin L. N. (2008) Life in the Universe: Expectations and Constraints. Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed.

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  3. Ward P. D. and Brownlee D. (2000) Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. Springer-Verlag, New York.

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  4. Woodruff, D. S. 2001. Declines of biomes and biotas and the future of evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 98: 5471-6.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

    Professor Louis Neal Irwin

  2. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

    Professor Dirk Schulze-Makuch

Authors
  1. Professor Louis Neal Irwin
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  2. Professor Dirk Schulze-Makuch
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© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Irwin, L.N., Schulze-Makuch, D. (2011). Anticipating the Future. In: Cosmic Biology. Springer Praxis Books(). Praxis, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1647-1_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1647-1_13

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  • Publisher Name: Praxis, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1646-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1647-1

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

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