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Atmospheric Ammonia pp 205–267Cite as

Ammonia Deposition Near Hot Spots: Processes, Models and Monitoring Methods

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Atmospheric reduced nitrogen (NHx) mainly originates from hot spots, which can be considered as intensive area or point sources. A large fraction of the emitted NHx may be recaptured by the surrounding vegetation, hence reducing the contribution of these hot spots to long-range transport of NHx. This paper reviews the processes leading to local recapture of NHx near hot spots, as well as existing models and monitoring methods. The existing models range from research models to more operational models that can be coupled with long-range transport model provided the necessary information on emissions is available. Local recapture of NH3 ranges from 2% to 60% within 2 km of a hot-spot and it is sensitive to source height, atmospheric stability, wind speed, structure of the surrounding canopies, as well as stomatal absorption, which mainly depends on green leaf area index and stomatal NH3 compensation point of vegetation, and finally, cuticular deposition, which depends primarily on vegetation wetness. The main uncertainties and limitations on NHx recapture models and monitoring techniques are discussed.

Due to the decrease of sulphur and nitrogen oxides emissions under a series of UNECE protocols, reduced nitrogen (NHx), has become the dominant pollutant in Western Europe contributing to acidification of ecosystems (e.g. Vestreng and Støren 2000). At the global scale NHx and NOx emissions are comparable, although large uncertainties exist on NHx emissions (Dentener and Crutzen 1994; Bouwman et al. 1997). Moreover, NHx deposition, with other nitrogen (N) deposition, leads to eutrophication and changes in the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems (Van Breemen and van Dijk 1988; Roelofs et al. 1985; Fangmeier et al. 1994; Krupa 2003; EEA 2003). Although atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is not a greenhouse gas (GHG), deposition of NHx may lead to increased GHG emissions (N2O) (Melillo et al. 1989) or reduced consumption of CH4. Additionally, ammonium sulphate aerosols (NH4)2SO4, contribute to half of the negative radiative forcing of the tmosphere due to aerosols (Houghton et al. 2001; Adams et al. 2001), as well as contributing to impacts of secondary aerosol on human health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Environnement et Grandes Cultures, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France

    Benjamin Loubet, Sophie Genermont & Pierre Cellier

  2. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria

    Willem A. H. Asman & Mark A. Sutton

  3. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, United Kingdom

    Mark R. Theobald

  4. NERI, Department of Atmospheric Environment, Frederiksborgvej 358, P.O. Box 358, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark

    Ole Hertel

  5. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR SAS, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, Rennes CEDEX, 35042

    Y. Sim Tang

  6. Johann Heinrich von Thunen-Institute, Federal Research, Institute for Rural Areas Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Agricultural Climate Research, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig, 38116

    Ulrich Dämmgen

  7. INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR SAS, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, Braunschweig, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, CEDEX, France

    Paul Robin & Mélynda Hassouna

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  1. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, (CEH), UK

    Mark A. Sutton  & Stefan Reis  & 

  2. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK

    Samantha M.H. Baker

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© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

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Loubet, B. et al. (2009). Ammonia Deposition Near Hot Spots: Processes, Models and Monitoring Methods. In: Sutton, M.A., Reis, S., Baker, S.M. (eds) Atmospheric Ammonia. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9121-6_15

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