Abstract
Organic UV filters used in cosmetics and sunlight protection of materials are considered emerging contaminants. These xenobiotic compounds occur in the environment in relevant concentrations and display critical properties such as environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. They enter the environment mainly through the liquid effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but, due to their high hydrophobicity, they are also adsorbed in WWTP sludge, that is, eventually spread on agricultural fields as fertilizer. The treatment of WWTP sludge with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor has emerged as a feasible alternative to current conventional treatment processes to degrade them in a range from 87% in the case of 3-(4′-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) to 100% of benzophenone-3 (BP3) and its metabolite 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (4DHB). When treating the sewage sludge to remove sunscreens content, it is crucial to establish the biological activity profile along the process. Oestrogenic activity was eliminated by the T. versicolor treatment, indicating that none of the resulting metabolites possessed significant oestrogenic activity at the produced concentrations. These results demonstrate the suitability of fungi to degrade sunscreen agents and eliminate their oestrogenic activity.
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Abbreviations
- 2,4,6-TCA:
-
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole
- 3BC:
-
3-Benzylidene camphor
- 4DHB:
-
4,4′-Dihydroxybenzophenone
- 4HB:
-
4-Hydroxybenzophenone
- 4-MBC:
-
3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor
- ABTS:
-
2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt
- AhR:
-
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (also known as dioxin receptor)
- AhR-RYA:
-
AhR recombinant yeast assay
- BC:
-
Blank control
- BMDM:
-
4-t-Butyl-4′-methoxy-dibenzoylmethane
- BP1:
-
Benzophenone-1
- BP3:
-
Benzophenone-3
- CID:
-
Collision-induced fragmentation
- Da:
-
Daltons
- DBEs:
-
Double bond equivalents
- DHMB:
-
2-2′Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
- dw:
-
Dry weight
- E2:
-
Estradiol
- EC50 :
-
Half maximal effective concentration
- EHMC:
-
Ethylhexyl-methoxycinnamate
- ER:
-
Oestrogen receptor
- ER-RYA:
-
Oestrogen receptor recombinant yeast assay
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionisation
- FP:
-
Fragmentation pattern
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half maximum
- hER:
-
Human oestrogen receptor
- HK:
-
Heat killed
- HMS:
-
Homosalate
- HPLC:
-
High performance liquid chromatography
- K OW :
-
Octanol-water partition coefficient
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MS/MS:
-
Tandem mass spectrometry
- NI:
-
Negative
- OC:
-
Octocrylene
- OD-PABA:
-
2-Ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate
- OT:
-
Octyltriazone
- PAHs:
-
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
- PCBs:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- PI:
-
Positive
- PPCPs:
-
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- QqLIT:
-
Quadrupole-linear ion trap
- QqTOF:
-
Quadrupole time of flight
- rtER:
-
Rainbow trout oestrogen receptor
- RYA:
-
Recombinant yeast assay
- SRM:
-
Selected reaction monitoring
- TBBPA:
-
Tetrabromobisphenol A
- THB:
-
2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone
- UPLC:
-
Ultra performance liquid chromatography
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- VTG:
-
Vitellogenin
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministries of MMAMRM and MINECO (projects 010/PC08/3-04.1, CGL2008-01898, and CGL2007-64551/HID). The Department of Chemical Engineering of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona is member of the Xarxa de Referència en Biotecnologia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Prof. D. Barcelo acknowledges King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) for his contract position as Visiting Profesor. P. Gago-Ferrero gratefully acknowledges the JAE Program (CSIC-European Social Funds).
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Badia-Fabregat, M. et al. (2012). UV Filters Biodegradation by Fungi, Metabolites Identification and Biological Activity Assessment. In: Vicent, T., Caminal, G., Eljarrat, E., Barceló, D. (eds) Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 24. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2012_157
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