Abstract
In this chapter we discuss practical scintillation parameters which are relevant from a user’s point of view for the pragmatic choice of an existing or the development of a new scintillator. They are density, operation speed, light yield, identification of particles, production capability, stability under ionizing radiation, durability of operational parameters. We describe five main domains of applications, each of them with its own list of requirements. Firstly, we consider high-energy physics (HEP) and particle detectors because last two decades have seen a new generation of HEP experiments emerging as a driving force for the development of new scintillators. Further, the spectrometry of low energy γ-quanta and nonlinearity of the scintillator response are described. The different medical imaging modalities and applications of scintillation materials in medical diagnostics are then considered. Finally, areas of scintillator applications in security systems as well as in space research and γ-ray astrophysics are discussed.
Keywords
- Single Photon Emission Compute Tomography
- Large Hadron Collider
- Light Yield
- Good Energy Resolution
- Scintillation Crystal
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Derenzo SE, Moses WW, Huesman RH, et al. (1993) Quantification of Brain Function: Tracer Kinetics and Image Analysis in Brain PET. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 25
L3 Collaboration, Adeva B et al. (1990) The construction of the L3 experiment. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A289: 35–102
Birks JB (1951) The specific fluorescence of anthracence and other organic materials. Proc Phys Soc (London) Letters to the Editor, pp 365–366......
Hofstadter R (1948) Alkali halide scintillation counters. Phys Rev 74: 100–101
Oreglia et al. (1982) Study of the reaction psi → gamma gamma J / ps. Phys. Rev. D 25: 2295–2277
Kubota Y et al. (1991) The CleoII detector. CLNS 91/1122
Proton-Antiproton Annihilation and Meson Spectroscopy with the Crystal Barrel, C. Amsler, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (1998) 1293
Ray RE (1994) The KTeV Pure CsI Calorimeter. In: Proc. Fifth International Conference on Calorimetry in High-Energy Physics, World Scientific, New Jersey, pp 110–114
The Belle Collaboration, Technical Design Report, KEK Report 95-1, April 95
The BaBar Collaboration, BaBar Technical Design Report, SLAC-R-95-457
Novotny R, Riess R, Hingmann R et al. (1987) Detection of hard photons with BaF2 scintillators. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A262: 340–346
GEM Letter of Intent, SSCL SR-1184, November 1991
CMS Technical Proposal, CERN/LHCC 94-38, December 1994
L3P Letter of Intent, CERN/LHCC 92-5 (1992)
ALICE Collaboration Technical Proposal, CERN/LHCC/95-71 (1995)
R&D Proposal for the study of new fast and radiation hard scintillators for calorimetry at LHC: Crystal Clear Collaboration, CERN / DRDC P27 / 91-15, project RD-18
Lecoq P, Li PJ, Rostaing B (1991) BGO radiation damage effects: optical absorption, thermoluminescence and thermoconductivity Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A300: 240–258
Annenkov A, Auffray E, Borisevich A, et al. (1999 Suppression of the radiation damage in lead tungstate scintillation crystal. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A426: 486–490
Ilmas ER, Liidya GG, Lushchik Ch.B (1965) Photon multiplication in crystals. Optics Spectroscopy 18: 255–263 (In Russian)
Birks JB (1951) Scintillation from organic crystals: Specific fluorescence and relative response to different radiations. Proc Phys Soc A64: 874–877
Birks JB (1951) The Specific Fluorescence of Antracene and Other Organic Materials. Proc Phys Soc (London), Letters to the Editor, pp 364–365
Dorenbos P, de Haas JTM, van Eijk CWE (1995) Nonproportionality in the scintillation response and the energy resolution obtainable with scintillation crystals. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 42: 2190–2202
Rooney BD, Valentine JD (1997) Scintillator light yield nonproportionality: calculating photon response using measured electron response. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 44: 509–516
Pringle RW, Standil S (1950) The gamma-rays from neutron-activated gold. Phys Rev 80: 762–763
Aitken DW, Beron BL, Yenicay G, et al. (1967), The fluorescent response of NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), and CaF (Eu) to X-rays and low energy gamma rays, (1967) IEEE Trans Nucl Sci vol. NS-14, pp. 468–477
Rooney BD, Valentine J (1997) Scintillator light yield nonproportionality: calculating photon response using measured electron response. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 44: 509–516
Uchiyama Y, Kouda M, Tanihata C et al. (2001) Study of energy response of Gd2 SiO 5: Ce 3+scintillator for the ASTRO-E hard X-ray detector. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 46: 379–384
Moses WW (2002) Current trends in scintillator detectors and materials. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A487: 123–128
Menghesha W, Taulbee TD, Rooney BD et al. (1998) Light yield nonproportionality of CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), and YAP. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 45: 456–641
Menghesha W, Valentine JD (2000) A technique for measuring scintillator electron energy resolution using the compton coincidence technique. In: Mikhailin VV (ed) Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 173–178
Balcerzyk M, Moszynski M, Kapusta M (2000) Energy resolution of contemporary scintillators. Quest for high resolution, proportional detector. In: Mikhailin VV (ed) Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 167–172
Balcerzyk M, Klamra W, Moszynski M, et al. (2000) Nonproportionality and temporal response of ZnSe:Te scintillator studied by large area avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers. In: Mikhailin VV (ed) Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 571–576
Baryshevsky VG, Korzhik MV, Moroz VI et al(1991) YAlO3:Ce—fast-acting scintillators for detection of ionizing radiation. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B58: 291–293
Korzhik MV, Misevich OV, Fyodorov AA (1999) YAlO3:Ce scintillators: application for X-and soft γ-ray detection. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B72: 499–501
Baryshevsky VG, Korzhik MV, Moroz VI, et al. (1992) YAlO3:Ce scintillator for the detectors of ionizing radiation. IET, 3:86–92 (In Russian)
Baryshevski VG, Korzhik MV, Bogatko AV, et al. (1992) Scintillator YAlO3:Ce3+ for the α-particles spectrometry. Izvestia AN BSSR, Physics 2:5 (In Russian)
Kachanov VA, Rykalin V, Korzhik M, et al. (1992) Light source for energy stabilization of calorimetric detectors based on photodetectors. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A314: 215
Drobyshev GYu, Korzhik MV, Missevitch OV, et al. (1993) An application of YAlO3:Ce scintillator to detect soft γ-quanta. IET 3: 176 (In Russian)
De Notaristefani F, Pani R, Scopinaro F, et al. (1995) First results from a YAP:Ce gamma camera for small animal studies IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 43, 3264–3271
Korzhik M, Missevitch O, Kholmetskii AL, et al. (1994) YAlO3:Ce scintillation detector for transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy. 4-th Seeheim workshop on Mossbauer spectroscopy Abstracts Seeheim, Germany Institute fur Anorganische und Analiytiche Chemie, der Jogannes Gutenberg Universitat, Mainz, p 126
Fedorov AA, Kholmetskii AL, Korzhik M, et al. (1994) High-performance transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy with YALO3:Ce scintillation detector. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res B88: 462–464
Kobayashi M, Shinkawa T, Sato T et al. (1994) YALO3:Ce-Am light pulsers as a gain monitor for undoped CsI detectors in a magnetic field. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A337:355–361
Missevich Increase of the productivity and precision of Mossbauer measurments in transmission and scattering geometry. Ph.D. Thesis. Minsk, 2000, p. 150 (In Russian)
Moszynski M (2003) Inorganic scintillation detectors in γ-rays spectrometry. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A505: 101–110
Globys ME, Grinev BV (2000) Inorganic scintillators. New and traditional materials. Acta, Kharkov (in Russian)
Anger HO (1958) Anger camera for Nuclear Medicine. Rev Sci Instr 29:p27–45
Moses WW (2000) Scintillator requirements for medical imaging In: Mikhailin VV (ed) Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 11–21
Blasse G (1994), Scintillator materials, Chem Mater, 6:1465–1475
Greshkovich C, Duclos S (1997), Ceramic Scintillators, Annu Rev Mater Sci 27: 69–88
Deych D, Dobbs J, Marcovici S, Tuval B (1996) Cadmium tungstate detector for computed temograhy. In: Dorenbos P, van Eijk CWE (eds). Inorganic scintillators and their application. Delft University Press, pp 36–39
Kinloch DR, Novak W, Raby P, Toepke I (1994) New developments in cadmium tungstate. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci, 41: 752–754
Yoshida M, Suzuki A, Uchida Y et al. (1988), Application of Gd2O2S ceramic scintillator for X-ray solid state detector in X-ray CT, Jpn J. Appl. Phys, 27:L1572–L1575
Rossner W, Grabmaier BC (1991) Phosphors for X-ray detectors in computed tomography. J Luminescence 48–49:29–36
Kostler W, Winnacker A, Rossner W, Grabmaier BC (1993), Effect of Prcodoping on the X-ray induced afterglow of (Y,Gd)2O3:Eu, J Phys Chem Solids 56: 907–913
Levin CS, Habte F, Foudray A (2004) Methods to extract more light from minute scintillation crystals used in an ultra-high resolution positron emission tomography detector, Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A527:35–40
Wieczorek H, Frings G, Quadfield P, et al. (1995) CsI:Tl for solid state X-ray detectors, Proc. In Dorenbos P, van Eijk CWE (eds). Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, Delft University Press, 547–554
Gyueseong Cho, Kyung Soo Lee, Do Kyung Kim, Koan Sik Joo, Annealing effect on optical emission properties of pure and Na doped CsI thin films for X-ray radiographic application, In: Mikhailin VV (ed). Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 391–397
Van Eijk CWE (2002) Inorganic scintillators medical imaging. Phys Med Biol, 47:R85–R106
Blasse G, Grabmaier BC (1994), Luminescent Materails, Springer, Berlin, pp 84–162
Sonoda M, Takano M, Miyahara J, Kato H (1983), Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence, Radiology 148: 833–838
Roques JP, Paul J, Mandrou P, et al. (1990) The sigma mission on the granat satellite, Adv Space Res, 10:223–232
Patent PCT W001/60944
Patent PCT W001/60945
a. Fernandez MM, Benlloch JM, Cerda J, et al. (2004) A flat-panel-based mini gamma camera for lymph nodes studies. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res, A527: 92–96 b. Benlloch JM, Escat B, Fernández M, et al. (2003) Performance tests of a medical mini gamma-camera (summary). Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res, A504: 232–233
Weisenberger AG, Bradley E, Majewski S, Saha M, (1998) Development of a novel radiation imaging detector system for in vivo gene imaging in small animal studies. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, NS-145(3):1743–1749
Giokaris N, Loudos G, Maintas D, et al. (2004) Crystal and collimator optimization studies of a high-resolution γ-camera based on a position sensitive photomultiplier. Nucl Instr Meth, A527: 134–139
Gektin AV, Gavryluk V, Boyarintsev AYu, Gayshan V (2003), Light spread function control for SPECT/PET systems, In: Second ITBS Conference, Milos, 26–30 May 2003 (abstracts), p 39
Bull U, Bartenstein P, Kirsch CM, Schicha H (2000) Combination systems for SPECT, coincidence, PET and CT. Technical spectrum, operating assumptions and possible areas of application, Nuklearmedizin, 39(1): 3–6.
Delbeke, D, Martin, WH, Patton, JA, Sandler, MP (2001) Value of iterative reconstruction, attenuation correction, and image fusion in the interpretation of FDG PET images with an integrated dual-head coincidence camera and X-ray-based attenuation maps, Radiology, 218(1): 163–71
Patent France 2,237,206
Patton JA, Delbeke D, Sandler MP (2000) Image fusion using an integrated, dual-head coincidence camera with X-ray tube-based attenuation maps, J Nucl Med, 41(8): 1364–1368
McElroy DP, Sung-Cheng Huang, Hoffman EJ (2002) The use of retro-reflective tape for improving spatial resolution of scintillation detectors, IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 49: 165–171
Ricard M (2004) Imaging of gamma emitters using scintillation cameras. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res, A527: 124–129
Trower WP, Korzhik MV, Fyodorov AA, et al. (1996) Cerium-doped lutetium-based single crystal scintillators. In: Dorenbos P, van Eijk CWE (eds). Inorganic scintillators and their application. Delft University Press, pp 355–358
Womble PC, Schultz FJ, Vourvopoulos G (1995) Nondestructive characterization using pulsed fast-thermal neutrons. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res, B99: 757–760
Dean AJ (1992) Imaging is high-energy astronomy. In: DeNotaristefani F, Lecoq P, Schneegans M (eds). Heavy scintillators for scientific and industrial applications. Frontieres, France, pp 53–64
INTEGRAL Assessment Study Report. (1991) ESA Publication ESA SCI 91, pp 1–31
Ubertini P, Cocco GD, Lebrun F (1997), The IBIS Telescope on Board INTEGRAL, Proc. of the Second INTEGRAL Workshop, ESA SP-382, pp 599
a. Barbiellini G, Boezio M, Casolino M, et al. (1991) The GILDA mission: a new techniques for gamma-ray telescope in the energy range 20 MeV–100 GeV. http://ifctr.mi.cnr.it/agile b. Mergeletti S, Barbiellini G, Budini, et al. (1999) GeV-TeV gamma-ray Astrophysics. Workshop “Towards a Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Detector VI.” Snowbird, Utah, pp 11–23
Johnson WN, Grove JE, Phlips BF, et al. (2001) The construction and performance of the CsI hodoscopic calorimeter for the GLAST beam test engineering module. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 48: 1182–1189
Atwood WB, Ritz S, Anthony P et al. (2000) Beam test of gamma-ray large area space telescope components, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A446: 444–460
Shwarz B (2000) Electromagnetic calorimeter of the BELLE detector. In: Mikhailin VV (ed) Proc of the Fifth Int Conf on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications, SCINT99. Moscow State University, Moscow, pp 186–190
BaBar Collaboration. BaBar Technical Design Report, SLAC-R-95-457
Gektin AV, Gavrylyk V, Zosim D (2000), Long length scintillators for the Position-Sensitive Radiation Detectors, IEEE NSS/MIC. Abstracts, p. 263
Gektin AV, Zosim D., Boyarintsev AY, et al. (2004), Long position sensitive CsI(Tl) detectors for the GLAST project, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Abstracts, N16-7, p 45
Dorenbos P, Contribution to the SCINT05 conference on scintillators and their industrial applications, Alushta, Ukraine, Sept. 2005
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). How User’s Requirements Influence the Development of a Scintillator. In: Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems. Particle Acceleration and Detection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27768-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27768-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-27766-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-27768-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)