Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Skin Aging: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment

  • Chapter
Book cover Prevention and Treatment of Age-related Diseases

  • 1137 Accesses

Abstract

Skin aging is a consequence of genetically programmed processes of intrinsic aging and extrinsic aging caused by ultraviolet light and other environmental insults. There are many different approaches to reduce or postpone the untoward effects of intrinsic programmed aging and extrinsic environmental injury. The prevention of extrinsic aging utilizes various methods of photoprotection and antioxidants. Treatments of aged skin are not limited to a single procedure but may consist of a combination of many adjuvant treatments each of which offers different degrees of effectiveness, risk, duration and cost. It is important to have an understanding of the likely benefits and limitations of available treatments. Scientific evaluation and education about the modalities available for treatment of aged skin can help to achieve these goals

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Afaq, F., Adhami, V.M., Mukhtar, H. (2005) Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 571: 153–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alster, T.S., Tanzi, E.L. (2003) Treatment of prominent nasolabial folds and cheek laxity with a nonablative radiofrequency device. Lasers Surg Med, 15S: 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alster, T.S., Tanzi, E.L., Welsh, E.C. (2005) Photorejuvenation of facial skin with topical 20% 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light treatment: a split-face comparison study. J Drugs Dermatol, 4: 35–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barciszewski, J., Rattan, SIS., Siboska, G., Clark, B.F.C. (1999) Kinetin – 45 years on. Plant Science, 148: 37–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, L.S. (2004) A refresher on antioxidants. Skin and Allergy News, 35(5): 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E.F., Lee, J., Brown, D.B., Yu, R., Van Scott, E. (2001) Glycolic acid treatment increases type I collagen mRNA and hyaluronic acid content of human skin. Dermatol Surg, 27: 429–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin type A) purified neurotoxin complex (Allergan). Prescribing information. www.botoxcosmetic.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, A.S., Naylor, M., Cameron, GS., Pearse, A.D., Gaskell, S.A., Neldner, K.H. (1995) The effects of chronic sunscreen use on the histologic changes of dermatoheliosis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 33: 941–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burres, S. (1999) Preserved particulate fascia lata for injection: a new alternative. Derm Surg, 25: 790–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carcamo, A.S., Ehrlich, M., Goldman, M.P. (2005) Enhanced photorejuvenation with combination ALA + intense puled light. Poster presentation. Annual meeting of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, J.D., Carruthers, J.A. (1992) Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 18: 17–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, J.A., Lowe, N.J., Menter, M.A., et al. (2002) A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines. J Am Acad Dermatol, 46: 840–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, J., Fagien, S., Matarasso, S.L. (2004) Botox Consensus Group Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg, 114(6 Suppl): 1S–22S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J.H., Seo, J.Y., Choi, H.R., et al. (2001) Modulation of skin collagen metabolism in aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol, 117: 1218–1224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J.H. (2003) Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 19: 109–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S.R., Holmes, R.E. (2004) Artecoll: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material: report of a controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 251 subjects. Plast Reconstr Surg, 114: 964–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ditre, C.M., Griffin, T.D., Murphy, G.F., et al. (1996) Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 34: 187–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L., Dinehart, S., Farmer, E., et al. (1996) Guidelines of care for soft tissue augmentation: fat transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol, 34: 690–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, L., Dinehart, S.M., Farmer, E.R., et al. (1996) Guidelines of care for soft tissue augmentation: collagen implants. American Academy of Dermatology J Am Acad Dermatol, 34: 698–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duranti, F., Salti, G., Bovani, B. (1998) Injectable hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation: a clinical and histologic study. Derm Surg, 28: 1317–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenbogen, R., et al. (1975) Injectable fluid silicone therapy: human morbidity and mortality. JAMA, 234: 308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ersek, R.A. (1991) Transplantation of purified autologous fat: a 3-year follow-up is disappointing. Plast Reconstr Surg, 87: 219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, G.J., Kang, S., Varani, J., Bata-Csorgo, Z., Wan, Y., Datta, S., Voorhees, J.J. (2002) Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol, 138: 1462–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, R.E., Rostan, E.F. (2002) Double-blind, half-face study comparing topical vitamin C and vehicle for rejuvenation of photodamage. Derm Surg, 28: 231–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, R.E., Geronemus, R., Goldberg, D., Kaminar, M., Kilmer, S., Ruiz-Esparza, J. (2003) First multi-center study of a new non-ablative radiofrequency device to tighten facial tissue. Lasers Surg Med, 15S: 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, R., Geronemus, R., Goldberg, D., Kaminer, M., Kilmer, S., Ruiz-Esparza, J. (2003) Multicenter study of noninvasive radiofrequency for periorbital tissue tightening. Lasers Surg. Med, 33: 232–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, R.E. (1997) Laser resurfacing of rhytides. Dermatol Clin, 15: 431–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi, Y. (2001) Premature aging and predisposition to cancers caused by mutations in RecQ family helicases. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 928: 121–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrest, B.A. (1996) A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. Br J Dermatol, 135: 867–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrest, B.A. (1999) Treatment of photodamage with topical tretinoin: an overview. J Am Acad Dermatol, 36: S27–S36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M.H. (2003). Dermabrasion in dermatology. Am J Clin Dermatol, 4: 467–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M.H., Goldman, M.P. (2004) 5-aminolevulinic acid and photodynamic therapy: where we have been and where we are going. Dermatol Surg, 30: 1077–1083.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, C.E., Russman, A.N., Majmudar, G., Singer, R.S., Hamilton, T.A., Voorhees, J.J. (1993) Restoration of collagen formation in photodamaged human skin by tretinoin (retinoic acid). N Engl J Med, 329: 530–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J.A., Keller, P.J., Keller, G.S. (2004) Dose response of combination photorejuvenation using intense pulsed light-activated photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency energy. Arch Facial Plast Surg, 6: 374–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmkvist, K.A., Rogers, G.S. (2000) Treatment of perioral rhytides a comparison of dermabrasion and superpulsed carbon dioxide laser. Arch Dermatol, 136: 725–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, S., Voorhees, J.J. (1998) Photoaging therapy with topical tretinoin: an evidence-based analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 39: S55–S61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, M., Blitzer, A., Aviv, J., Binder, W., Prystowsky, J., Smith, H., Brin, M. (1994) Botulinum toxin A for hyperkinetic facial lines: results of a double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 94: 94–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K.M., Nelson, J.S., Lask, G.P., Geronemus, R.G., Bernstein, L.J. (1999) Cryogen spray cooling in combination with nonablative laser treatment of facial rhytides. Arch Dermatol, 135: 691–694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A.W. (2004) Complications with the use of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Clin, 22: 197–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krol, E.S., Kramer-Stickland, K.A., Liebler, D.C. (2000) Photoprotective actions of topically applied vitamin E, Drug, Metab Rev, 32: 413–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kullavanijaya, P., Lim, H.W. (2005) Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol, 52: 937–958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavker, R.M., Gerberick, G.F., Veres, D., Irwin, C.J., Kaidbey, K.H. (1995) Cumulative effects from repeated exposures to suberythemal doses of UVB and UVA in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol, 32: 53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letham, D.S. (1963) Zeatin, a factor inducing cell division isolated from Zea mays (1963) Life Sciences, 41: 569–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, N.J., Maxwell, A., Harper, H. (1996) Botulinum A exotoxin for glabellar folds: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with an electromyographic injection technique. J Am Acad Dermatol, 35: 569–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, N.J., Maxwell, C.A., Lowe, P., Duick, M.G., Shah, K. (2001) Hyaluronic acid skin fillers: adverse reactions and skin testing. J Am Acad Dermatol, 45: 930–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manstein, D., Herron, S.H., Sink, R.K., Tanner, H., Anderson, R.R. (2004) Fractional photothermolysis: a new concept for cutaneous remodeling using microscopic patterns of thermal injury. Lasers Surg Med, 34: 426–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matarasso, S.L., Glogau, R.G. (1991) Chemical face peels. Dermatol Clin, 9: 131–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matarasso, A., Matarasso, S.L., Brandt, F.S., Bellman, B. (1999) Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast Reconstr Surg, 103: 645–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, J.L. (1999) Furfuryladenine-A New Antiaging Topical: Research and Clinical Experience. Skin and Allergy News: Developments in Topical Skin Treatments: An Update (Skin Disease Education Foundation Symposium), 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, J.L., Weinstein, G.D. (2002) Clinical study of safety and efficacy of using topical kinetin 0.10% (Kinerase) to treat photodamaged skin. Cosmetic Dermatology, 15: 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mok, D.W.S., Mok, M.C. (1994) Cytokinins – Chemistry, Activity, and Function, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monheit, G.D. (2001) Medium-depth chemical peels. Dermatol Clin, 19: 413–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J.S., Majaron, B., Kelly, K.M. (2002) What is non-ablative photorejuvenation of human skin? Sem Cutan Med Surg, 21: 238–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J., Newman, A., Moy, L.S., Babapour, R., Harris, A.G., Moy, R.L. (1996) Clinical improvement of photoaged skin with 50% glycolic acid: a double-blind vehicle-controlled study. Derm Surg, 22: 455–460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oikarinen, A. (1994) Aging of the skin connective tissue: how to measure the biochemical and mechanical properties of aging dermis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 10: 47–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, A., Siboska, G.E., Clark, BFC., et al. (1999) N6-furfuryladenine, kinetin, protects against Fenton reaction-mediated oxidative damate to DNA. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun, 265: 499–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, M.P., Talmor, M., Nolan, W.B. (2004) Botox and collagen for glabellar furrows: advantages of combination therapy. Ann Plast Surg, 52: 442–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pesce, K., Rothe, M.J. (1996) The premature aging syndromes. Clin Dermatol, 14: 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, T.J., Gottlieb, A.B., et al. (2002) Efficacy of 0.1% tazarotene cream for the treatment of photodamage: a 12-month multicenter, randomized trial. Arch Dermatol, 138: 1486–1493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piacquadio, S., Jarcho, M., Goltz, R. (1997) Evaluation of hylan b gel as a soft tissue augmentation implant material. J Am Acad Dermatol, 36: 544–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattan, S.L. (2005) Gerontomodulatory and youth-preserving effects of zeatin on human skin fibroblasts undergoing aging in vitro. Rejuvenation Res, 8: 46–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rattan, S.I., Clark, B.F. (1994) Kinetin delays the onset of aging characteristics in human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 201: 665–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raulin, C., Greve, B., Greme, H. (2003) IPL technology: a review. Lasers Surg Med, 32: 78–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rokhsar, C.K., Tse, Y., Lee, S., Fitzpatrick, R. (2005) The treatment of photodamage and facial rhythides with Fraxel (fractional photothermolysis). Poster presentation. Annual meeting of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Esparza, J., Gomez, J.B. (2003) The medical face lift: a noninvasive, nonsurgical approach to tissue tightening in facial skin using nonablative radiofrequency. Dermatol Surg, 29: 325–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadick, N.S., Finn, N. (2005) A review of microdermabrasion. Cosm Dermatol, 18: 351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadick, N.S., Weiss, R., Kilmer, S., Bitter, P. (2004) Photorejuvenation with intense pulsed light: results of a multi-center study. J Drugs Dermatol, 3: 41–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schecter, A.K., Sadick, N.S. (2005) Preserved particulate fascia lata for soft tissue augmentation: a review and early results of comparative studies using bovine collagen. Cosm Dermatol, 18: 337–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semchyshyn, N., Sengelmann, R.D. (2003) Botulinum toxin A treatment of perioral rhytides. Dermatol Surg, 29: 490–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shim, E.K., Barnette, D., Hughes, K., et al. (2001) Microdermabrasion: a clinical and histopathologic study. Dermatol Surg, 27: 524–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sklar, J.A., White, S.M. (2004) Radiance FN: a new soft tissue filler. Dermatol Surg, 30: 734–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.B., Fenske, N.A. (1996). Cutaneous manifestations and consequences of smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol, 34: 717–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stegman, S.J., Chu, S., Armstrong, R. (1988) Adverse reactions to bovine collagen implant: clinical and histologic features. Derm Surg, 14: 439–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R.S. (2004) Treatment of photoaging. N Engl J Med, 350: 1526–1534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller, M.J., Bartolone, J., Stern, R., Smith, S., et al. (1996) Topical 8% glycolic acid and 8% lactic acid creams for the treatment of photodamaged skin: a double-blind vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol, 132: 631–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi, E.L., Alster, T.S. (2003) Improvement of neck laxity with a nonablative radiofrequency device: a lifting experience. Lasers Surg Med, 15S: 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S.C., Jolley, D., Marks, R. (1993) Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med, 329: 1147–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tse, Y., Ostad, A., Lee, H.S., Levine, V.J., Koenig, K., Kamino, H., Ashinoff, R. (1996) A clinical and histologic evaluation of two medium-depth peels. Glycolic acid versus Jessner’s trichloroacetic acid. Dermatol Surg, 22: 781–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Staden, J., Cook, E.L., Nooden, L.D. (1988) Cytokinins and senescence. In: Nooden, L.D., Leopold, A.C. (eds). Senescence and Aging in Plants. Pages 281–328, Academic Press, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbeke, P., Siboska, G.E., Clark, B.F.C., et al. (2000) Kinetin inhibis protein oxidation and glyoxidation in vitro Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 276: 1265–1267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, R.A., McDaniel, D.H., Geronemus, R.G., Weiss, M.A. (2005) Clinical trial of a novel non-thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging: clinical, histologic, and surface profilometric results. Lasers Surg Med, 36: 85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werschler, W.P., Weinkle, S. (2005) Longevity of effects of injectable products for soft-tissue augmentation. J Drugs in Dermatol, 4: 20–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, T.B., Alster, T.S. (1999) Effect of botulinum toxin type A on movement-associated rhytides following CO2 laser resurfacing. Dermatol Surg, 25: 259–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California

    Mary S. Jung, Kristen M. Kelly & Jerry L. McCullough

Authors
  1. Mary S. Jung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kristen M. Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jerry L. McCullough
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology, University of Aarhus, Denmark

    Suresh I.S. Rattan

  2. University Hospital of Odense, Denmark

    Moustapha Kassem

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jung, M.S., Kelly, K.M., McCullough, J.L. (2006). Skin Aging: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment. In: Rattan, S.I., Kassem, M. (eds) Prevention and Treatment of Age-related Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5058-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation