Summary and Implications
This work provides a proof-of-principle demonstration that Ti(III)-catalyzed electrochemical techniques could potentially be used for reduction of ClO4− in small waste streams, such as the regeneration of selective anion-exchange resins that are loaded with ClO4−. The technique may not be directly applied for the treatment of large volumes of ClO4−-contaminated water at relatively low concentrations because of its slow reaction kinetics and the use of chemical reagents. Further studies are needed to optimize the reaction conditions in order to achieve a complete reduction of ClO4− and the regeneration of spent resin beds. Alternative complexing and reducing agents may be used to enhance the reaction completeness of sorbed ClO4− in the resin and to overcome potential clogging of micropores within the resin beads resulting from the precipitation of TiO2.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Taube, H. In Mechanistic aspects of inorganic reactions. Rorabacher, D. B., R. Endicott, J. F., Eds., ACS Symposium Series No. 198, 1982, pp 151.
Urbansky, E. T. Perchlorate chemistry: Implications for analysis and remediation. Bioremed. J., 1998; 2:81–95.
Gu, B., Dong, W., Brown, G. M., Cole, D. R. Complete degradation of perchlorate in ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid under controlled temperature and pressure. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003; 37:2291–2295.
Agon Carbon Corporation. Removal of perchlorate and other contaminants from groundwater at JPL, Report to Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, AC. NAS7.000218. 1999.
Gu, B., Brown, G. Regeneration of anion exchange resins by catalyzed electrochemical reduction. 2002:US Patent 6,358,396.
Duke, F. R., Quinney, P. R. The kinetics of reduction of perchlorate ion by Ti(III) in dilute solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1954; 76:3800–3803.
Cope, V. W., Miller, R. G., Fraser, R. T. M. Titanium III ion as a reductant in electron-transfer reactions. J. Chem. Soc. A., 1967; 2:301–306.
Liu, B. Y., Wagner, P. A., Earley, J. E. S. Reduction of perchlorate ion by (N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diaminetriacetato)aquotitanium(III). Inorg. Chem., 1984; 23:3418–3420.
Earley, J. E. S., Tofan, D. C, Amadei, G. A. In Perchlorate in the Environment; Urbansky, E. T., Ed.; Kluwer/Plenum: New York, 2000, pp 89–98.
Bishop, E., Evans, N. The analytical kinetics of the titanium(III)-perchlorate reaction-homogeneous reaction kinetics. Talanta, 1970; 17:1125–1130.
Gu, B., Brown, G. M., Alexandratos, S. D., Ober, R., Dale, J. A., Plant, S. In Perchlorate in the Environment; Urbansky, E. T., Ed.; Kluwer/Plenum: New York, 2000, pp 165–176.
Gu, B., Ku, Y., Brown, G. Sorption and desorption of perchlorate and U(VI) by strong-base anion-exchange resins. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005; 39:901–907.
Gu, B., Brown, G. M., Maya, L., Lance, M. J., Moyer, B. A. Regeneration of perchlorate (ClO4−)-loaded anion exchange resins by novel tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4−) displacement technique. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001; 35:3363–3368.
Abu-Omar, M. M., Appelman, E. H., Espenson, J. H. Oxygen-transfer reactions of methylrhenium oxides. Inorg. Chem., 1996; 35:7751–7757.
Abu-Omar, M. M., Espenson, J. H. Facile Abstraction of Successive Oxygen Atoms from Perchlorate Ions by Methylrhenium Dioxide. Inorg. Chem., 1995; 34:6239–6240.
Abu-Omar, M. M., McPherson, L. D., Arias, J., Bereau, V. M. Clean and efficient catalytic reduction of perchlorate. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2000; 39:4310–4313.
Deane-Drummond, C. E. Rapid method for the preparation of 36C1O3− from 36C1− by electrolysis. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 1981; 32:758–759.
Ruiz-Cristin, J., Chodera, A. J., Briskin, D. P. A modified method for the production of 36C1O3− for use in plant nitrate transport studies. Anal. Biochem., 1989; 182:146–150.
Tromballa, H. W. Preparation and determination of 36Cl-labelled chloride, chlorate, and perchlorate. Radiochem. Radioanal. Let., 1970; 5:285–292.
Gu, B., Ku, Y., Brown, G. M. Treatment of perchlorate-contaminated water using highly-selective, regenerable ion-exchange technology: a pilot-scale demonstration. Remediation, 2002; 12:51–68.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gu, B., Bonnesen, P.V., Sloop, F.V., Brown, G.M. (2006). Titanium Catalyzed Perchlorate Reduction and Applications. In: Gu, B., Coates, J.D. (eds) Perchlorate. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31113-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31113-0_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-31114-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31113-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)