This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
6. References
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Mackaye, H., Likius, A., Ahounta, D., Beauvilain, A., Blondel, C., Bocherens, H., Boisserie, J.-R., de Bonis, L., Coppens, Y., Dejax, J., Denys, C., Duringer, P., Eisenmann, V., Fanone, G., Fronty, P., Geraads, D., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., Louchar, A., Mahamat, A., Merceron, G., Mouchelin, G., Otero, O., Campomanes, P., Ponce de Leon, M., Rage, J.-C., Sapanet, M., Schuster, M., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Valentin, X., Vignaud, P., Viriot, L Zazzo, A., and Zollikofer, C., 2002, A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa, Nature, 418: 145–151.
Cant, J., 1987a, Positional behavior of female borneam orangutans, Am J. Primat., 12: 71–90.
Cant J., 1987b, Effects of sexual dimorphism in body size on feeding postural behavior of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 74: 143–148
Cartmill, M., 1974, Pads and claws in arborieal locomotion, in: Primate Locomotion, Jenkins, F., ed., Academic Press, pp. 45–84.
Conroy, G., Pickford, M., Senut, B., Van Couvering, J., and Mein, P., 1992, Otavipithecus namibiensis, first Miocene hominoid from southern Africa, Nature, 356: 144–148.
Haile-Selassie, Y., 2001, Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 412: 178–181.
Hewes, G., 1961, Food transport and the origin of hominid bipedalism, Am. Anthrop. 63: 687–710.
Hill, A., 1995, Faunal and environmental change in the Neogene of East Africa: Evidence from the Tugen Hills Sequence, Baringo District, Kenya, in: Palaeoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins, Vrba E., Denton G., Partridge T., and Burckle L., eds., Yale Univ. Press, pp. 178–196.
Hunt, K., 1991, Positional Behavior in the Hominoidea, Int. J. Primat., 12: 95–118.
Ishida, H., Kimura, T., and Okada, M., 1974, Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates, in: Proc. Symp. 5th Cong. Int. Primatol. Soc., Japanese Science Press, Tokyo, pp. 287–301.
Ishida, H., 1991, A strategy for long distance walking in the earliest hominids: Effect of posture on energy expenditure during bipedal walking, in: Origine(s) de la bipedie chez les hominides, Coppens, Y., and Senut, B., eds., CNRS, Paris, pp. 9–15.
Ishida, H., and Pickford, M., 1997, A new Late Miocene hominoid from Kenya: Samburupithecus kiptalami gen. et sp. nov. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 325: 823–829.
Ishida, H., Kunimatsu, Y., Nakatsukasa, M., and Nakano, Y., 1999, New hominoid genus from the middle Miocene of Nachola, Kenya. Anthrop. Sci., 107: 189–191.
Ishida, H., Kunimatsu, Y., Takano, T., Nakano, Y., and Nakatsukasa, M., 2004, Nacholapithecus skeleton from the Middle Miocene of Kenya, J. Hum. Evol. 46: 67–101.
Livingstone, F., 1962, Reconstructing man’s Pliocene pongid ancestor, Am. Anthropol. 64: 301–305.
Lovejoy, C., 1981, The origin of man. Science, 211: 341–350.
McHenry, H., 1982, The pattern of human evolution: Studies on bipedalism, mastication, and encephalization, Ann. Rev. Anthropol., 11: 151–173.
Nakatsukasa, M., Kunimatsu, Y., Nakano, Y., and Ishida, H., 2002, Morphology of the hallucial phalanges in extant anthropoids and fossil hominoids, Z. Morph. Anthhrop. 83: 361–372.
Napier J., 1970, The Roots of Mankind, Smithsonian Institute, New York.
Napier J., and Napier, P., 1967, A Handbook of Living Primates, Academic Press, London.
Pickford, M., and Senut B., 2001, The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 332: 145–152.
Ravey, M., 1978, Bipedalism: An early warning system for Miocene hominoids. Science, 199, 372.
Richmond, B., and Strait, D., 2000, Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor, Nature, 404: 382–385.
Rose, M., 1991, The process of bipedalization in hominids. in: Origine(s) de la bipedie chez les hominides, Coppens, Y., and Senut, B., eds., CNRS, Paris, pp. 37–48.
Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D., Mein, P., Cheboi, K., and Coppens Y., 2001, First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Fomation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 332: 137–144.
Stanford, C., 2003, UPRIGHT, The Evolutionary Key to Becoming Human, Houghton Mifflin.
Tuttle, R., 1969, Knuckle-walking and the problem of human origins. Science 166: 953–961.
Tuttle R., 1974, Darwin’s apes, dental apes, and the descent of man: Normal science in evolutionary anthropology. Curr Anthropol. 15: 389–398.
Wescott, R., 1967, The exhibitionistic origin of human bipedalism. Man, 2: 630.
White, T., Suwa G., and Asfaw B., 1994. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371: 306–312.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ishida, H. (2006). Current Thoughts on Terrestrialization in African Apes and the Origin of Human Bipedalism. In: Ishida, H., Tuttle, R., Pickford, M., Ogihara, N., Nakatsukasa, M. (eds) Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29798-7_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29798-7_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-29638-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-29798-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)